Objective To investigate whether repeated morphine exposure or prolonged withdrawal could influence operant and spatial learning differentially. Methods Animals were chronically treated with morphine or subjected to m...Objective To investigate whether repeated morphine exposure or prolonged withdrawal could influence operant and spatial learning differentially. Methods Animals were chronically treated with morphine or subjected to morphine withdrawal. Then, they were subjected to two kinds of learning: operant conditioning and spatial learning. Results The acquisition of both simple appetitive and cued operant learning was impaired after repeated morphine treatment. Withdrawal for 5 weeks alleviated the impairments. Single morphine exposure disrupted the retrieval of operant memory but had no effect on rats after 5-week withdrawal. Contrarily, neither chronic morphine exposure nor 5-week withdrawal influenced spatial learning task of the Morris water maze. Nevertheless, the retrieval of spatial memory was impaired by repeated morphine exposure but not by 5-week withdrawal. Conclusion These observations suggest that repeated morphine exposure can influence different types of learning at different aspects, implicating that the formation of opiate addiction may usurp memory mechanisms differentially.展开更多
This study looks into new perspectives in preschoolers＇ assessment of being at risk for learning disabilities. Precisely, two innovative assessment approaches are examined in order to reveal new research perspectives...This study looks into new perspectives in preschoolers＇ assessment of being at risk for learning disabilities. Precisely, two innovative assessment approaches are examined in order to reveal new research perspectives. The first tool, a traditional approach, is the ＂Early Dyslexia Identification Test＂ and the second tool, a computerized approach, is an lnternet based Speech Pathology Diagnostic Expert System named ＂APLo＂. Both evaluate the sectors of phonological awareness, memory, psychomotor development, pre-writing and pre-reading skills in Greek. The findings o f the current study formulate three directions： （1） the complementary of speech language and learning disorders as a systemic approach, （2） the diagnosis of suspicious factors and compatibilities of learning disabilities even at the preschool age, and （3） the application of alternative methods of assessment aiming for a multidimentional approach with the combined prospect and potential of web tools in the early diagnosis and intervention in learning disabilities.展开更多
Words are the basic material of language. Vocabulary is one of the important standards for measuring English levels. Mastering a certain amount of vocabulary is the key to learning English well. However, the obstructi...Words are the basic material of language. Vocabulary is one of the important standards for measuring English levels. Mastering a certain amount of vocabulary is the key to learning English well. However, the obstructions of learning vocabulary still exist. According to students＇ psychological features, the author discusses fresh and flexible ways of English vocabulary teaching. It makes vocabulary teaching vivid and easy to understand and memorize. This paper discusses some methods that how the teachers learn to teach words and how the students learn to grasp words, which based on the importance and the current situation of vocabulary teaching in middle school.展开更多
The peripheral nervous system plays a major role in the maintenance of our physiology. Several peripheral nerves intimately regulate the state of the brain, spinal cord, and visceral systems. A new class of therapeuti...The peripheral nervous system plays a major role in the maintenance of our physiology. Several peripheral nerves intimately regulate the state of the brain, spinal cord, and visceral systems. A new class of therapeutics, called bioelectronic medicines, are being developed to precisely regulate physiology and treat dysfunction using peripheral nerve stimulation. In this review, we first discuss new work using closed-loop bioelectronic medicine to treat upper limb paralysis. In contrast to open-loop bioelectronic medicines, closed-loop approaches trigger ‘on demand' peripheral nerve stimulation due to a change in function(e.g., during an upper limb movement or a change in cardiopulmonary state). We also outline our perspective on timing rules for closedloop bioelectronic stimulation, interface features for non-invasively stimulating peripheral nerves, and machine learning algorithms to recognize disease events for closed-loop stimulation control. Although there will be several challenges for this emerging field, we look forward to future bioelectronic medicines that can autonomously sense changes in the body, to provide closed-loop peripheral nerve stimulation and treat disease.展开更多
Starting from presenting and analyzing some information gap activities during the previous teaching experience, this article has inferred the major roles of information gap activities. Some strategies to implement the...Starting from presenting and analyzing some information gap activities during the previous teaching experience, this article has inferred the major roles of information gap activities. Some strategies to implement the information gap activities are also recommended together with the functions of the instructors via these activities. What information gap activities can teach us in TESOL （teaching English for speakers of other languages） is that information gap activities contribute to setting up a climate of a mutual autonomous learning style both for the learners and the instructors, and these activities activate a diversity in the learning atmosphere.展开更多
Objective:To observe the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on the protein and gene expressions of Bax,Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in cerebral cortex of type 2 diabetic rats with cognitive impairment(CI),and to explore the mech...Objective:To observe the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on the protein and gene expressions of Bax,Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in cerebral cortex of type 2 diabetic rats with cognitive impairment(CI),and to explore the mechanism of EA in improving the learning and memory abilities.Methods:A total of 100 Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were divided into a normal group(n=10)and a model group(n=90)by random number table method.Rats in the model group were intraperitoneally injected with a small dose of streptozotocin(STZ)to establish the type 2 diabetic models,after being fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 1 month.Twenty CI rats were selected from the 50 successful model rats by the Morris water maze(MWM)test and randomly divided into a model group and an EA group according to the blood glucose level and MWM data(n=10).Rats in the EA group received acupuncture at Zusanli(ST 36),Neiting(ST 44)and Yishu(Extra),of which Zusanli(ST 36)and Neiting(ST 44)were stimulated by EA apparatus,20 min/time,once a day for 6 d a week and 4 consecutive weeks.The rats in the model and the normal groups were fixed without treatment.After 4-week treatment,the random blood glucose level of the rats was measured;the learning and memory abilities of rats were measured by MWM;terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)assay was used to detect apoptotic cells;Western blot(WB)and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)were used to detect the protein and gene expressions of Bax,Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in cerebral cortex.Results:After modeling,the random blood glucose level and the escape latency tested by MWM were significantly increased,and the number of crossing the platform tested by the MWM was decreased in the EA and model groups,and were significantly different from those in the normal group(P<0.05 or P<0.01),while the differences between the model group and the EA group were not statistically significant(all P>0.05).After 4-week treatment,the random glucose level and the escape latency tested by MWM were significantly increased(both P<0.05),and the number of crossing the original platform tested by the MWM was significantly reduced(P<0.01),the protein and gene expressions of Bax and Caspase-3 were significantly increased(all P<0.001),the protein and gene expressions of Bcl-2 were significantly reduced(both P<0.001),and the number of neuron apoptosis was significantly increased(P<0.001)in the model group than in the normal group;the random blood glucose level was significantly reduced(P<0.05),the escape latency tested by MWM was significantly shortened(P<0.05),and the number of crossing the original platform tested by MWM was significantly increased(P<0.05),the protein and gene expressions of Bax and Caspase-3 were significantly reduced(all P<0.001),the protein and gene expressions of Bcl-2 were significantly increased(both P<0.001),and the number of neuron apoptosis was significantly reduced(P<0.001)in the EA group than in the model group.Conclusion:EA can improve the learning and memory damages induced by type 2 diabetic model rats with CI;the action mechanism may be achieved via anti-apoptosis.展开更多
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30470549）the National Basic Research Priorities Programme （973） of China （No.2006CBS00800）
文摘Objective To investigate whether repeated morphine exposure or prolonged withdrawal could influence operant and spatial learning differentially. Methods Animals were chronically treated with morphine or subjected to morphine withdrawal. Then, they were subjected to two kinds of learning: operant conditioning and spatial learning. Results The acquisition of both simple appetitive and cued operant learning was impaired after repeated morphine treatment. Withdrawal for 5 weeks alleviated the impairments. Single morphine exposure disrupted the retrieval of operant memory but had no effect on rats after 5-week withdrawal. Contrarily, neither chronic morphine exposure nor 5-week withdrawal influenced spatial learning task of the Morris water maze. Nevertheless, the retrieval of spatial memory was impaired by repeated morphine exposure but not by 5-week withdrawal. Conclusion These observations suggest that repeated morphine exposure can influence different types of learning at different aspects, implicating that the formation of opiate addiction may usurp memory mechanisms differentially.
文摘This study looks into new perspectives in preschoolers＇ assessment of being at risk for learning disabilities. Precisely, two innovative assessment approaches are examined in order to reveal new research perspectives. The first tool, a traditional approach, is the ＂Early Dyslexia Identification Test＂ and the second tool, a computerized approach, is an lnternet based Speech Pathology Diagnostic Expert System named ＂APLo＂. Both evaluate the sectors of phonological awareness, memory, psychomotor development, pre-writing and pre-reading skills in Greek. The findings o f the current study formulate three directions： （1） the complementary of speech language and learning disorders as a systemic approach, （2） the diagnosis of suspicious factors and compatibilities of learning disabilities even at the preschool age, and （3） the application of alternative methods of assessment aiming for a multidimentional approach with the combined prospect and potential of web tools in the early diagnosis and intervention in learning disabilities.
文摘Words are the basic material of language. Vocabulary is one of the important standards for measuring English levels. Mastering a certain amount of vocabulary is the key to learning English well. However, the obstructions of learning vocabulary still exist. According to students＇ psychological features, the author discusses fresh and flexible ways of English vocabulary teaching. It makes vocabulary teaching vivid and easy to understand and memorize. This paper discusses some methods that how the teachers learn to teach words and how the students learn to grasp words, which based on the importance and the current situation of vocabulary teaching in middle school.
文摘The peripheral nervous system plays a major role in the maintenance of our physiology. Several peripheral nerves intimately regulate the state of the brain, spinal cord, and visceral systems. A new class of therapeutics, called bioelectronic medicines, are being developed to precisely regulate physiology and treat dysfunction using peripheral nerve stimulation. In this review, we first discuss new work using closed-loop bioelectronic medicine to treat upper limb paralysis. In contrast to open-loop bioelectronic medicines, closed-loop approaches trigger ‘on demand' peripheral nerve stimulation due to a change in function(e.g., during an upper limb movement or a change in cardiopulmonary state). We also outline our perspective on timing rules for closedloop bioelectronic stimulation, interface features for non-invasively stimulating peripheral nerves, and machine learning algorithms to recognize disease events for closed-loop stimulation control. Although there will be several challenges for this emerging field, we look forward to future bioelectronic medicines that can autonomously sense changes in the body, to provide closed-loop peripheral nerve stimulation and treat disease.
文摘Starting from presenting and analyzing some information gap activities during the previous teaching experience, this article has inferred the major roles of information gap activities. Some strategies to implement the information gap activities are also recommended together with the functions of the instructors via these activities. What information gap activities can teach us in TESOL （teaching English for speakers of other languages） is that information gap activities contribute to setting up a climate of a mutual autonomous learning style both for the learners and the instructors, and these activities activate a diversity in the learning atmosphere.
文摘Objective:To observe the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on the protein and gene expressions of Bax,Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in cerebral cortex of type 2 diabetic rats with cognitive impairment(CI),and to explore the mechanism of EA in improving the learning and memory abilities.Methods:A total of 100 Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were divided into a normal group(n=10)and a model group(n=90)by random number table method.Rats in the model group were intraperitoneally injected with a small dose of streptozotocin(STZ)to establish the type 2 diabetic models,after being fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 1 month.Twenty CI rats were selected from the 50 successful model rats by the Morris water maze(MWM)test and randomly divided into a model group and an EA group according to the blood glucose level and MWM data(n=10).Rats in the EA group received acupuncture at Zusanli(ST 36),Neiting(ST 44)and Yishu(Extra),of which Zusanli(ST 36)and Neiting(ST 44)were stimulated by EA apparatus,20 min/time,once a day for 6 d a week and 4 consecutive weeks.The rats in the model and the normal groups were fixed without treatment.After 4-week treatment,the random blood glucose level of the rats was measured;the learning and memory abilities of rats were measured by MWM;terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)assay was used to detect apoptotic cells;Western blot(WB)and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)were used to detect the protein and gene expressions of Bax,Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in cerebral cortex.Results:After modeling,the random blood glucose level and the escape latency tested by MWM were significantly increased,and the number of crossing the platform tested by the MWM was decreased in the EA and model groups,and were significantly different from those in the normal group(P<0.05 or P<0.01),while the differences between the model group and the EA group were not statistically significant(all P>0.05).After 4-week treatment,the random glucose level and the escape latency tested by MWM were significantly increased(both P<0.05),and the number of crossing the original platform tested by the MWM was significantly reduced(P<0.01),the protein and gene expressions of Bax and Caspase-3 were significantly increased(all P<0.001),the protein and gene expressions of Bcl-2 were significantly reduced(both P<0.001),and the number of neuron apoptosis was significantly increased(P<0.001)in the model group than in the normal group;the random blood glucose level was significantly reduced(P<0.05),the escape latency tested by MWM was significantly shortened(P<0.05),and the number of crossing the original platform tested by MWM was significantly increased(P<0.05),the protein and gene expressions of Bax and Caspase-3 were significantly reduced(all P<0.001),the protein and gene expressions of Bcl-2 were significantly increased(both P<0.001),and the number of neuron apoptosis was significantly reduced(P<0.001)in the EA group than in the model group.Conclusion:EA can improve the learning and memory damages induced by type 2 diabetic model rats with CI;the action mechanism may be achieved via anti-apoptosis.
