国家治理视角下的乡城关系70年变迁及展望

新中国成立70年以来,国家治理视角下的乡城关系变迁可分为二元发展、同质发展、包容发展三个阶段。在党的领导下,乡城关系变迁符合国家治理能力建设的基本要求,通过渐进式改革方式,满足了人民不断变化的需求。乡城关系的未来发展方向是乡城一体化,在市场效率优势充分显现的基础上,统一基本公共服务标准,进而构建基于正确处理政府与市场关系的多元主体协同治理机制,成为国家治理能力和治理体系现代化的内容构成和动力来源。

全球乡城关系新认知与人文地理学研究

全球化、城镇化作为驱动人地系统不断做出适应性调整和改变的关键过程,持续推动着城乡关系的转型与重塑。本文认为乡村孕育了城市,乡城关系实质上是母子关系,是城镇化进程中乡村人文要素转移、人地关系转变、城乡发展转型的一种综合表征,具体体现在不同发展阶段乡村与城市之间土地非农化、人口城镇化、产业园区化、城乡发展一体化等诸多方面;传统的城乡关系认知忽略了城市与乡村之间的内在关系和多维联系,以及城乡融合系统这一重要地理综合体及其功能价值,成为产生乡村短板效应凸显、城乡发展权能受损、城乡地域功能紊乱等突出问题的根源;转变城市偏向发展观念,基于乡村母体思维,创新全球乡城关系新认知是破解当前全球化特别是中国社会经济发展不平衡、不充分问题的关键所在。现代人文地理学迫切需要强化与自然地理学、信息地理学交叉研究,创建天—空—地一体化人地系统协同观测体系,突出乡村人地系统的远程耦合性和系统综合性,重塑全球乡村观、乡城系统观,探究可持续的全球乡村人地关系、城乡融合关系、村镇居业关系。乡村人地系统研究应聚焦乡村自然生态系统、社会经济系统耦合及其复杂交互过程与效应,以多学科交叉、新领域拓展与新学科培育为支撑,创建人地系统协同观测技术与多源数据融合计算方法论,基于过程—机理—格局的研究思路和监测—模拟—决策支持的技术路径,探寻实现乡村人地系统耦合与乡城融合发展、区域可持续发展及全球共同治理的有机衔接路径。

Changing Concepts of City and Urban Planning Practices in Guangzhou(1949–2010): An Approach to Sustainable Urban Development

By focusing on Guangzhou, this paper examines how different concepts of city in terms of urban-rural relationships are shaped in transforming China since 1949, and explores how they influence the way in which urban planning are practiced. In the pre-reform era, the city was defined as a productive space under the system of urban-rural segregation established for securing rapid industrialization. Urban planning was thus only concerned with the development of urban areas. In the 1980 s and 1990 s after the reform, institutional change and economic transformation mobilized the urban-rural linkages. The development of suburban areas was then considered by urban planning, but this consideration was a passive response to urban problems such as population explosion and water resources protection. Since the new millennium, the agenda for sustainable development and problems of uneven urban-rural development have called for the development of urban-rural integration. In this context, the city is conceptualized as a complex of mountain, city, river, farmland and sea, reconstructing the ideology of urban-rural division in defining urban development. Urban planning has therefore sought in an active way to develop a sustainable city embracing rural and natural elements, and to balance economic growth and environmental protection. It is argued that developing the concept of city as a complex of urban and rural elements contributes to the urban planning for sustainable urban development, while this conceptualization relies on the recognition of the integrated urban-rural relationship.

Explore economic restructuring Institutional Analysis based on the urban-rural dual economic structure

China＇ s urban and rural economic and social structures are persisted, perfectly shaped, very typical. Since the new century, the Chinese government began to adjust serious distorted urban-rural relations. New rural construction, total abolition of agricultural tax, the construction of modern agriculture and other major strategic decisions have been introduced; free compulsory education in rural areas, the new rural cooperative medical care, rural public infrastructure, cultural services and other specific measures have been rolled out building. But these still can not slow down our growing urban-rural gap, China＇ s economic and social development is still running under the urban and rural pattern, and the trend has increased.

Study on the Evaluation of Urbanization Quality and Promotion Measures

Development of the city itself is a major reflection of the quality of urbanization; urbanization promote efficiency is the basic premise of urbanization; fair and coordinated urban-rural relation is the guarantee, and the goal of urbanization. Quality of urbanization contains its process and result, as well as efficiency and fairness. It also covers quality of not only urban and rural area, but also coordinated and interacted relations of them. Follow principles of being typical, systematic and operational, we can build quality evaluation system from the aspect of its develop level, efficiency and rural-and-urban coordination. Finally, we can choose proper measures to make reasonable assessment of urbanization in China, and improve the quality of urbanization by learning from others.

黄土高原沟道农业系统与优化模式

黄土高原沟道农业是现代人地关系耦合发展的一种新兴农业地域类型,其可持续发展对于区域农业提质增效、乡村振兴和黄河流域高质量发展具有重大现实意义。本文基于人地系统科学原理阐述了沟道农业的概念内涵、科学认知、优化模式及其保障政策。结果表明:(1)沟道农业可持续性应遵从“要素—系统”到“结构—功能”,注重“沟坡水土保持、流域生态建设与区域乡村振兴”的多目标有机结合。同时,处理好宏观与微观效益的关系以及不同尺度的沟道水土构型、农田景观、农业系统的层次体系,深化贯通式研究,全面揭示沟道农业发展演变过程及其微观作用机理。(2)总结了沟道农业优化模式,搭建了不同模式的框架图,建议完善相关的技术与制度保障体系,以支撑实现区域乡村振兴和黄河流域高质量发展目标。(3)新时期黄土高原现代沟道农业高质量发展应立足于人地系统科学前沿,全面构建现代沟道农业系统理论与方法,深入探究优化沟道农业生产方式和创新经营管理模式的新途径。(4)基于要素流、产业链、流通网,面向SDGs目标和乡村振兴、粮食与生态安全,深入探究不同尺度沟道农业状态评估与情景模拟,服务支撑区域现代化建设决策。黄土高原沟道农业系统特征与优化模式研究,是推动农业地理学研究理论与方法创新,进而为黄土高原农业高质量发展提供科学依据的重要途径。