乳康健治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎试验研究

以某奶牛场的奶牛为试验动物,用纯中药制剂乳康健进行治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎的效力试验。试验共设5个组:第I组10头,乳康健用量500 g/头;第II组10头,乳康健用量400 g/头;第Ш组10头,乳康健用量300g/头;第Ⅳ组为阳性对照组;第Ⅴ组10头,为阴性对照组。结果表明:第I组奶牛乳样的pH值、比重、体细胞计数、细菌数均较第II组和第Ш组有明显变化,治疗后第Ⅰ组和第Ⅱ组乳汁体细胞数明显下降,阳性率分别降为8.3%和10.0%,而对照组阳性率无变化,第Ⅲ组同第Ⅰ、Ⅱ组相比,差异显著(P<0.05),但第Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。表明用乳康健治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎安全、高效。

应用“乳康健”治疗短角牛乳房炎的实验效果分析

目的：观察分析短角牛乳房炎应用乳康健治疗的效果。方法：将40头患有乳房炎的短角牛作为研究对象，随机分成对照组和实验组，各组病牛数量均为20头，其中对照组应用抗生素治疗，实验组使用乳康健治疗，对两组病牛治疗效果进行观察比较。结果：经治疗，对照组总有效率为90.0%，实验组总有效率为70.0%，二者数据比较，差异显著，P〈0.05。结论：应用乳康健治疗患有乳房炎的短角牛，安全可靠，疗效显著。

Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on the healthy gut microbiota composition at phyla and species level: A preliminary study

AIMTo evaluate the ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 to colonize the intestinal environment of healthy subjects and modify the gut microbiota composition.METHODSTwenty healthy Italian volunteers, eight males and twelve females, participated in the study. Ten subjects took a sachet containing 4 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU) of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and 109 CFU of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, 30 min before breakfast (pre-prandial administration), while ten subjects took a sachet of probiotic product 30 min after breakfast (post-prandial administration). The ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 to colonize human gut microbiota was assessed by means of quantitative real-time PCR, while changes in gut microbiota composition were detected by using Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine.RESULTSImmediately after 1-mo of probiotic administration, B. longum BB536 and L. rhamnosus HN001 load was increased in the majority of subjects in both pre-prandial and post-prandial groups. This increase was found also 1 mo after the end of probiotic oral intake in both groups, if compared to samples collected before probiotic consumption. At phyla level a significant decrease in Firmicutes abundance was detected immediately after 1-mo of B. longum BB536 and L. rhamnosus HN001 oral intake. This reduction persisted up to 1 mo after the end of probiotic oral intake together with a significant decrease of Proteobacteria abundance if compared to samples collected before probiotic administration. Whereas, at species level, a higher abundance of Blautia producta, Blautia wexlerae and Haemophilus ducrey was observed, together with a reduction of Holdemania filiformis, Escherichia vulneris, Gemmiger formicilis and Streptococcus sinensis abundance. In addition, during follow-up period we observed a further reduction in Escherichia vulneris and Gemmiger formicilis, together with a decrease in Roseburia faecis and Ruminococcus gnavus abundance. Conversely, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was increased if compared to samples collected at the beginning of the experimental time courseCONCLUSIONB. longum BB536 and L. rhamnosus HN001 showed the ability to modulate the gut microbiota composition, leading to a significant reduction of potentially harmful bacteria and an increase of beneficial ones. Further studies are needed to better understand the specific mechanisms involved in gut microbiota modulation.

Understanding the basic biology underlying the flavor world of children

Health organizations worldwide recommend that adults and children minimize intakes of excess energy and salty, sweet, and fatty foods （all of which are highly preferred tastes） and eat diets richer in whole grains, low- and non- fat dairy products, legumes, fish, lean meat, fruits, and vegetables （many of which taste bitter）. Despite such recommendations and the well-established benefits of these foods to human health, adults are not complying, nor are their children. A primary reason for this difficulty is the remarkably potent rewarding properties of the tastes and flavors of foods high in sweetness, saltiness, and fatness. While we cannot easily change children＇s basic ingrained biology of liking sweets and avoiding bitterness, we can modulate their flavor preferences by providing early exposure, starting in utero, to a wide variety of flavors within healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Because the flavors of foods mothers eat during pregnancy and lactation also flavor amniotic fluid and breast milk and become preferred by infants, pregnant and lactating women should widen their food choices to include as many flavorful and healthy foods as possible. These experiences, combined with repeated exposure to nutritious foods and flavor variety during the weaning period and beyond, should maximize the chances that children will select and enjoy a healthier diet [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 834-841, 2010].

Mobile health applications for the care of patients with breast cancer:A scoping review

Objectives:In recent years,the use of mobile health applications(mHealth apps)to deliver care for patients with breast cancer has increased exponentially.This study aimed to summarize the available evidence on developing mHealth apps to care for patients with breast cancer and identify the need for systematic efforts.Methods:A scoping review was performed according to Arksey and O’Malley’s framework,aiming to identify eligible research studies in PubMed,CINAHL,and Web of Science between January 2010 and December 2020.All identified studies were screened,extracted,and analyzed independently by two reviewers.Results:A total of 676 studies were retrieved,and eight eligible studies were finally included.Four themes emerged:the involvement of patients and health professionals in the phases of design and development,patients’preferences,the characteristics of patients,and the motivators to use mHealth apps.The results indicated promising prospects for using mHealth apps to care for patients with breast cancer and identified the need for systematic efforts to develop and validate relevant apps.Conclusions:The attributes of patient characteristics,needs,and patient-reported outcomes data are vital components for developing mHealth apps for patients with breast cancer.Additionally,collaborative efforts,including patients,nurses,and other significant health professionals,should develop mHealth apps for breast cancer care.Additional research focusing on the design and development of mHealth apps for patients with breast cancer is warranted.

Selection, Training and Supervision of Breast Cancer Peer Educators： a literature review

Breast cancer is one of the most serious malignant and it seriously affects the quality of life and mental health of the patients. Research shows that peer education can improve breast cancer patients＇ quality of life, treatment compliance, and self-management behavior. Its selection, training and supervision are particularly important due to the core role of peer educators in peer support. This article reviewed the research status and progress in the selection, training and supervision of breast cancer peer educators abroad in order to provide references for further study.

Update on human papillomavirus vaccination: Where are we now?

Infection with human papillomavirus(HPV) is the major cause of pre-invasive and invasive lesions of the urogenital tract, resulting in morbidity and mortality worldwide. HPV-related infection is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer, a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Developed countries have screening programs in place to detect precancerous lesions at early stages; in resource-limited settings however, HPV related diseases are often identified in advanced stages. This is due to limitations in the availability and roll out of effective screening programs. The relatively recent availability of the HPV vaccine has provided a new public health opportunity to decrease the incidence of HPV-related disease. The high mortality rates seen in developing countries could be reduced through effective implementation of HPV vaccination programs. Large trials have proven the efficacy of bivalent, quadrivalent vaccine and most recently 9-valent vaccine. Uptake in vaccination remains low due to multiple barriers including lack of education, lack of access, and costs. New strategies are being assessed to increase access, increase knowledge and reduce costs that may result in feasible vaccination programs worldwide. The goal of this article is to review the effectiveness and safety of the current HPV vaccines available, vaccine delivery strategies, cost effectiveness, and efforts to improve the acceptability. A literature search was conducted through Pub Med using the terms "HPV vaccination, and safety, and males, and acceptability and strategies, and cost effectiveness,"focusing on articles published between 2006 and 2015. The most relevant and larger scale trials were evaluated for discussion.

Effects of Fermented Whey in Treating Bacillary Dysentery and on the Gastrointestinal Flora of Apparently Healthy Albino Rats

In this study, the effects of fermented whey （FW） in treating bacillary dysentery caused by Shigellaflexneri in albino rats and on the gastrointestinal （GIT） flora of apparently healthy albino rats （AHARs） were investigated. Prior the therapeutic assay, the growth inhibitory activity （GIA） of whey subjected to different fermentation durations at 30 ~ 2 ~C was first investigated using agar diffusion assay on the test organism, conventional antibiotics served as control. After this, the infectious dose of the organism was determined and used to infect another set of AHARs. The infected rats were grouped into two; group one was treated with 1.0 mL of the FW that exerted the highest GIA in the in vitro assay （FW1）, once daily for 7 d while group two was left untreated. The rats were observed for signs of recovery while their large intestine was subjected to histopathological examinations. For the effects of whey on GIT flora of AHARs, another group of AHARs was fed with FW1 for 3months. At 7 d intervals, their faeces were examined for microbial types and load. The in vitro GIA of the FWs on the test organism was superior to that of most of the antibiotics used and the administration of FW1 to infected rats caused them to recover by 72 h while those not treated with FW1 started to recover by 168 h. FWl did not significantly （p 〈 0.05） affect the GIT microflora loads but only the types.

Novel Coronaviruses and Astroviruses in Bats

Zoonotic transmissions of emerging pathogens from wildlife to human have shaped the history of mankind. These events have also highlighted our poor understanding of microorganisms circulated in wild animals. Coronaviruses and astroviruses,which can be found from a wide range of mammals,were recently detected in bats. Strikingly,these bat viruses are genetically highly diverse and these interesting findings might help to better understand the evolution and ecology of these viruses. The discoveries of these novel bats viruses not only suggested that bats are important hosts for these virus families,but also reiterated the role of bats as a reservoir of viruses that might pose a zoonotic threat to human health.

Health Management of Breast Cancer Survivors

Breast cancer is defined as a chronic disease.Increasing amounts of attention have been paid to the healthmanagement of breast cancer survivors. An important issue ishow to find the most appropriate method of follow-up in orderto detect long-term complications of treatment, local recurrenceand distant metastasis and to administer appropriate treatmentto the survivors with recurrence in a timely fashion. Differentoncology organizations have published guidelines for followingup breast cancer survivors. However, there are few articles onthis issue in China. Using the published follow-up guidelines,we analyzed their main limitations and discussed the content,follow-up interval and economic benefits of following up breastcancer survivors in an effort to provide suggestions to physicians.Based on a large number of clinical trials, we discussed the roleof physical examination, mammography, liver echograph, chestradiography, bone scan and so on. We evaluated the effects ofthe above factors on detection of distant disease, survival time,improvement in quality of life and time to diagnosis of recurrence.The results of follow-up carried out by oncologists and primaryhealth care physicians were compared. We also analyzed thecorrelation factors for the cost of such follow-up. It appears thatfollow-up for breast cancer survivors can be carried out effectivelyby trained primary health care physicians. If anything unusualarises, the patients should be transferred to specialists.