Penicillium marneffei （R marneffei） infection usually occurs with skin, bone marrow, lung or hepatic involve- ment. However, no cases of P. mameffei infection with chylous ascites have been reported thus far. In thi...Penicillium marneffei （R marneffei） infection usually occurs with skin, bone marrow, lung or hepatic involve- ment. However, no cases of P. mameffei infection with chylous ascites have been reported thus far. In this re- port, we describe the first case of acquired immune de- ficiency syndrome （AIDS） which has been complicated by a P. marneffei infection causing chylous ascites. We describe the details of the case, with an emphasis on treatment regimen. This patient was treated with am- photericin B for 3 mo, while receiving concomitant ther- apy with an efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimen, but cultures in ascitic fluid were persistently positive for P. marneffei. The infection resolved after treatment with high-dose voriconazole （400 mg every 12 h） for 3 too. R marneffei should be considered in the differential di- agnosis of chylous ascites in human immunodeficiency virus patients. High-dose voriconazole is an effective, well-tolerated and convenient option for the treatment of systemic infections with R marneffei in AIDS patients on an efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimen.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the presence of human papillomavirus （HPV） in esophageal squamous papilloma （ESP） and determine p16, p53 and Ki67 expression in a Mexican cohort. METHODS： Nineteen cases diagnosed as ESP,...AIM： To investigate the presence of human papillomavirus （HPV） in esophageal squamous papilloma （ESP） and determine p16, p53 and Ki67 expression in a Mexican cohort. METHODS： Nineteen cases diagnosed as ESP, corresponding to 18 patients were reviewed; nineteen cases of normal esophageal mucosa were used as negative controls. HPV detection was performed by ,amplified chromogenic in situ hybridization （ACISH） using a wide spectrum-cocktail probe and PCR. RESULTS： The average age at presentation was 46.3 years （range 28-72 years）. Patients included four （22.22%） males and 14 （77.77%） females. The most frequent location was upper third （11 cases）, followed by middle third （3 cases） and unknown site （5 cases）. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） revealed basal and focal p53 expression in 17 cases （89%）; p16 was expressed in eight cases （42.10%） and the Ki67 index ranged from 10% to 30%. HPV was detected in 14 out of 16 cases （87.5%） by ACISH： Twelve showed diffuse nuclear patterns and two showed granular patterns. HPV DNA was identified by PCR in 12 out of 14 cases （85.7%）. Low-risk HPV types were detected in the most of the cases. CONCLUSION： This study provides identification of HPV infection in almost 80% of ESP using either ACISH or PCR; overall, all of these lesions show low expression of cell-cycle markers. We suggest ACISH as an alternative diagnostic tool for HPV detection in ESR .展开更多
We report a case of acute chylous ascites formation presenting as peritonitis(acute chylous peritonitis) in a patient suffering from acute pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridemia and alcohol abuse.The development of ...We report a case of acute chylous ascites formation presenting as peritonitis(acute chylous peritonitis) in a patient suffering from acute pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridemia and alcohol abuse.The development of chylous ascites is usually a chronic process mostly involving malignancy,trauma or surgery,and symptoms arise as a result of progressive abdominal distention.However,when accumulation of "chyle" occurs rapidly,the patient may present with signs of peritonitis.Preoperative diagnosis is difficult since the clinical picture usually suggests hollow organ perforation,appendicitis or visceral ischemia.Less than 100 cases of acute chylous peritonitis have been reported.Pancreatitis is a rare cause of chyloperitoneum and in almost all of the cases chylous ascites is discovered some days(or even weeks) after the onset of symptoms of pancreatitis.This is the second case in the literature where the patient presented with acute chylous peritonitis due to acute pancreatitis,and the presence of chyle within the abdominal cavity was discovered simultaneously with the establishment of the diagnosis of pancreatitis.The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy for suspected perforated duodenal ulcer,since,due to hypertriglyceridemia,serum amylase values appeared within the normal range.Moreover,abdominal computed tomography imaging was not diagnostic for pancreatitis.Following abdominal lavage and drainage,the patient was successfully treated with total parenteral nutrition and octreotide.展开更多
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms （IPMNs） are a well-characterized group of rnucin-producing cystic neoplasms of the clear malignant potential type. We report here two cases of intraductal papillary mucinous ...Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms （IPMNs） are a well-characterized group of rnucin-producing cystic neoplasms of the clear malignant potential type. We report here two cases of intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma （IPMC） with atypical manifestations. In one case, we discussed a pseudomyxoma peritonei caused by a ruptured IPMC. In the other case we discussed the fistulization of IPMC into the stomach and duodenum. These two cases suggest that IPMN can either spontaneously rupture causing mucinous materials to spill into the free abdominal cavity or directly invade adjacent organs resulting in fistula development.展开更多
A 27-year-old male started to have his ankles swollen during his military service. He was examined at a military hospital where electromyoneurography showed the signs of distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy with axon d...A 27-year-old male started to have his ankles swollen during his military service. He was examined at a military hospital where electromyoneurography showed the signs of distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy with axon demyelinization and weak myopathic changes, whereas histopathological examination of gastrocnemius muscle biopsy revealed some mild and nonspecific myopathy. Besides, he was found to have subcutaneous ankle tissue edemas and hypertransaminasemia. Due to these reasons, he was dismissed from the military service and examined at another hospital where bone osteodensitometry revealed low bone mineral density of the spine. However, his medical problems were not resolved and after the second discharge from hospital he was desperately seeing doctors from time to time. Finally, at our institution he was shown to have celiac disease (CD) by positive serology (antitissue transglutaminase and antiendomysial antibodies) and small bowel mucosal histopathological examination, which showed total small bowel villous atrophy. Three months after the initiation of gluten-free diet, his ankle edema disappeared, electromyoneurographic signs of polyneuropathy improved and liver aminotransferases normalized. Good knowledge of CD extraintestinal signs and serologic screening are essential for early CD recognition and therapy.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to synthesize the available knowledge of symptom trajectories in patients with breast cancer and identify predictors associated with these trajectories.Methods Whittemore and Knafl’s integr...Objective This study aimed to synthesize the available knowledge of symptom trajectories in patients with breast cancer and identify predictors associated with these trajectories.Methods Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review method was employed to guide a systematic search for literature in four databases(PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,and CINAHL).The retrieved articles’publication time was limited to 2010 to 2020,and only peer-reviewed English articles were included.Results Twenty-seven articles were included.The findings of the relevant studies were analyzed using thematic analysis.They were grouped into two themes:symptom trajectories of patients with breast cancer(symptom trajectories in patients with breast cancer,in patients who underwent surgery,and in patients who received cancer-related treatment)and associated factors(socioeconomic factors,health characteristics,cancer-related treatment characteristics).Newly diagnosed patients tended to report high trajectories of depression and persistent sleep disturbance.Most patients who underwent surgery reported significant sleep disturbance and anxiety shortly after surgery.For patients who received cancer-related treatment,only a small proportion had a high level of physical activity after cancer-related therapy over time.A high body mass index,a low relationship quality,parental responsibilities,insufficient social support,a low educational background,and an unhealthy lifestyle may increase the risk of negative symptom trajectories in patients with breast cancer.Additionally,old patients were more likely to report cognitive impairment after chemotherapy,while young patients tended to report trajectories of persistent sexual dysfunction.Concurring symptoms and poor health status also contributed to adverse symptom trajectories.Conclusion The findings of this review add to the body of knowledge of the interindividual variability of symptom trajectories in patients with breast cancer.Despite the overall similarity in appraisal at baseline,the patients reported varied symptom trajectories over time.It is recommended that nurses consider sociodemographic,clinical and cancer-related treatment characteristics and perform targeted early preventive interventions for patients with breast cancer.展开更多
AIM： To investigate in symptomatic uncomplicated di- verticular disease the efficacy of symbiotics associated with a high-fibre diet on abdominal symptoms. METHODS： This study was a multicentre, 6-too ran- domized, ...AIM： To investigate in symptomatic uncomplicated di- verticular disease the efficacy of symbiotics associated with a high-fibre diet on abdominal symptoms. METHODS： This study was a multicentre, 6-too ran- domized, controlled, parallel-group intervention with a preceding 4-wk washout period. Consecutive out- patients with symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease, aged 40-80 years, evaluated in 4 Gastroenterology Units, were enrolled. Symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease patients were randomized to two treatment arms A or B. Treatment A （n = 24 patients） received 1 symbiotic sachet Flortec~ （Lactobacillus paracasei B21060） once daily plus high-fibre diet for 6 mo. Treatment B （n = 21 patients） received high-fibre diet alone for 6 rno. The primary endpoint was regres- sion of abdominal symptoms and change of symptom severity after 3 and 6 mo of treatment. RESULTS： In group A, the proportion of patients with abdominal pain 〈 24 h decreased from 100% at base- line to 35% and 25% after 3 and 6 mo, respectively （P 〈 0.001）. In group B the proportion of patients with this symptom decreased from 90.5% at baseline to 61.9% and 38.1% after 3 and 6 mo, respectively （P = 0.001）. Symptom improvement became statistically sig- nificant at 3 and 6 mo in group A and B, respectively. The proportion of patients with abdominal pain 〉24 h decreased from 60% to 20% then 5% after 3 and 6 too, respectively in group A （P 〈 0.001） and from 33.3% to 9.5% at both 3 and 6 mo in group B （P = 0.03）. In group A the proportion of patients with ab- dominal bloating significantly decreased from 95% to 60% after 3 mo, and remained stable （65%） at 6-mo follow-up （P = 0.005） while in group B, no significant changes in abdominal bloating was observed （P = 0.11）. After 6 mo of treatment, the mean visual analogic scale （VAS） values of both short-lasting abdominal pain （VAS, mean ± SD, group A： 4.6 ± 2.1 vs 2.2 ± 0.8, P = 0.02; group B： 4.6 ± 2.9 vs 2.0 ± 1.9, P = 0.03） and abdom- inal bloating （VAS, mean ± SD, group A： 5.3 ± 2.2 vs 3.0 ± 1.7, P = 0.005; group B： 5.3 ±3.2 vs 2.3 ± 1.9, P = 0.006） decreased in both groups, whilst the VAS values of prolonged abdominal pain decreased in the Flortec group, but remained unchanged in the high-fibre diet group （VAS, mean ± SD, group A： 6.5 ± 1.5 vs 4.5 ± 2.1, P = 0.052; group B： 4.5 ± 3.8 vs 5.5 ± 3.5）. CONCLUSION： A high-fibre diet is effective in relievingabdominal symptoms in symptomatic uncomplicated di- verticular disease. This treatment may be implemented by combining the high-fibre diet with Flortec~.展开更多
Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) typically has a sudden or progressive onset of severe visual loss and an ominous association with an occult malignancy which contains breast cancer. Pathologically, CAR is the degen...Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) typically has a sudden or progressive onset of severe visual loss and an ominous association with an occult malignancy which contains breast cancer. Pathologically, CAR is the degeneration of photoreceptors. But the precise mechanism has not been fully established, CAR may result from autoimmune mediated apoptosis. And in recent years, there also have been some results demonstrating that tumor derived angiogenic factors such as VEGF may also confer the development of CAR, which may offer novel avenues for the therapeutic intervention in CAR. Early initiation of immunosuppressive therapy is critical for vision preservation. Future developments in rapid identification and longitudinal quantification of antibody levels would enable individualized management in these patients. The goal of this review was to analyze the epidemiology, the clinical features, the diagnosis and management of retinopathy in the context of recent advances in the elucidation of breast cancer-associated retinopathy (BCAR) pathogenesis.展开更多
Evidence suggests that the hyperammonemia （HA）-induced neuroinflammation and alterations in the serotonin （5-HT） system may contribute to cognitive decline and anxiety disorder during hepatic encephalopathy （HE）...Evidence suggests that the hyperammonemia （HA）-induced neuroinflammation and alterations in the serotonin （5-HT） system may contribute to cognitive decline and anxiety disorder during hepatic encephalopathy （HE）. Probiotics that maintain immune system homeostasis and regulate the 5-HT system may be potential treatment for HA-mediated neurological disorders in HE. In this study, we tested the efficacy of probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus strain NS8 in preventing cognitive decline and anxie- ty-like behavior in HA rats. Chronic HA was induced by intraperitoneal injection of ammonium acetate for four weeks in male Sprague-Dawley rats. HA rats were then given Lactobacillus helveticus strain NS8 （109 CFU mL 1） in drinking water as a dai- ly supplementation. The Morris water maze task assessed cognitive function, and the elevated plus maze test evaluated anxie- ty-like behavior. Neuroinflammation was assessed by measuring the inflammatory markers： inducible nitric oxide synthase, prostaglandin E2, and interleukin-1 13 in the brain. 5-HT system activity was evaluated by measuring 5-HT and its metabolite, 5-HIAA, and the 5-HT precursor, tryptophan. Probiotic treatment of HA rats significantly reduced the level of inflammatory markers, decreased 5-HT metabolism, restored cognitive function and improved anxiety-like behavior. These results indicate that probiotic L. helveticus strain NS8 is beneficial for the treatment of cognitive decline and anxiety-like behavior in HA rats.展开更多
文摘Penicillium marneffei （R marneffei） infection usually occurs with skin, bone marrow, lung or hepatic involve- ment. However, no cases of P. mameffei infection with chylous ascites have been reported thus far. In this re- port, we describe the first case of acquired immune de- ficiency syndrome （AIDS） which has been complicated by a P. marneffei infection causing chylous ascites. We describe the details of the case, with an emphasis on treatment regimen. This patient was treated with am- photericin B for 3 mo, while receiving concomitant ther- apy with an efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimen, but cultures in ascitic fluid were persistently positive for P. marneffei. The infection resolved after treatment with high-dose voriconazole （400 mg every 12 h） for 3 too. R marneffei should be considered in the differential di- agnosis of chylous ascites in human immunodeficiency virus patients. High-dose voriconazole is an effective, well-tolerated and convenient option for the treatment of systemic infections with R marneffei in AIDS patients on an efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimen.
文摘AIM： To investigate the presence of human papillomavirus （HPV） in esophageal squamous papilloma （ESP） and determine p16, p53 and Ki67 expression in a Mexican cohort. METHODS： Nineteen cases diagnosed as ESP, corresponding to 18 patients were reviewed; nineteen cases of normal esophageal mucosa were used as negative controls. HPV detection was performed by ,amplified chromogenic in situ hybridization （ACISH） using a wide spectrum-cocktail probe and PCR. RESULTS： The average age at presentation was 46.3 years （range 28-72 years）. Patients included four （22.22%） males and 14 （77.77%） females. The most frequent location was upper third （11 cases）, followed by middle third （3 cases） and unknown site （5 cases）. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） revealed basal and focal p53 expression in 17 cases （89%）; p16 was expressed in eight cases （42.10%） and the Ki67 index ranged from 10% to 30%. HPV was detected in 14 out of 16 cases （87.5%） by ACISH： Twelve showed diffuse nuclear patterns and two showed granular patterns. HPV DNA was identified by PCR in 12 out of 14 cases （85.7%）. Low-risk HPV types were detected in the most of the cases. CONCLUSION： This study provides identification of HPV infection in almost 80% of ESP using either ACISH or PCR; overall, all of these lesions show low expression of cell-cycle markers. We suggest ACISH as an alternative diagnostic tool for HPV detection in ESR .
文摘We report a case of acute chylous ascites formation presenting as peritonitis(acute chylous peritonitis) in a patient suffering from acute pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridemia and alcohol abuse.The development of chylous ascites is usually a chronic process mostly involving malignancy,trauma or surgery,and symptoms arise as a result of progressive abdominal distention.However,when accumulation of "chyle" occurs rapidly,the patient may present with signs of peritonitis.Preoperative diagnosis is difficult since the clinical picture usually suggests hollow organ perforation,appendicitis or visceral ischemia.Less than 100 cases of acute chylous peritonitis have been reported.Pancreatitis is a rare cause of chyloperitoneum and in almost all of the cases chylous ascites is discovered some days(or even weeks) after the onset of symptoms of pancreatitis.This is the second case in the literature where the patient presented with acute chylous peritonitis due to acute pancreatitis,and the presence of chyle within the abdominal cavity was discovered simultaneously with the establishment of the diagnosis of pancreatitis.The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy for suspected perforated duodenal ulcer,since,due to hypertriglyceridemia,serum amylase values appeared within the normal range.Moreover,abdominal computed tomography imaging was not diagnostic for pancreatitis.Following abdominal lavage and drainage,the patient was successfully treated with total parenteral nutrition and octreotide.
基金Supported by the funds from researching and developing business for overcoming cancer,No. 07-2005-038-0
文摘Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms （IPMNs） are a well-characterized group of rnucin-producing cystic neoplasms of the clear malignant potential type. We report here two cases of intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma （IPMC） with atypical manifestations. In one case, we discussed a pseudomyxoma peritonei caused by a ruptured IPMC. In the other case we discussed the fistulization of IPMC into the stomach and duodenum. These two cases suggest that IPMN can either spontaneously rupture causing mucinous materials to spill into the free abdominal cavity or directly invade adjacent organs resulting in fistula development.
文摘A 27-year-old male started to have his ankles swollen during his military service. He was examined at a military hospital where electromyoneurography showed the signs of distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy with axon demyelinization and weak myopathic changes, whereas histopathological examination of gastrocnemius muscle biopsy revealed some mild and nonspecific myopathy. Besides, he was found to have subcutaneous ankle tissue edemas and hypertransaminasemia. Due to these reasons, he was dismissed from the military service and examined at another hospital where bone osteodensitometry revealed low bone mineral density of the spine. However, his medical problems were not resolved and after the second discharge from hospital he was desperately seeing doctors from time to time. Finally, at our institution he was shown to have celiac disease (CD) by positive serology (antitissue transglutaminase and antiendomysial antibodies) and small bowel mucosal histopathological examination, which showed total small bowel villous atrophy. Three months after the initiation of gluten-free diet, his ankle edema disappeared, electromyoneurographic signs of polyneuropathy improved and liver aminotransferases normalized. Good knowledge of CD extraintestinal signs and serologic screening are essential for early CD recognition and therapy.
基金This research was supported by the Youth Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(72004033)the Natural Science Foundation of China(72074054).
文摘Objective This study aimed to synthesize the available knowledge of symptom trajectories in patients with breast cancer and identify predictors associated with these trajectories.Methods Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review method was employed to guide a systematic search for literature in four databases(PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,and CINAHL).The retrieved articles’publication time was limited to 2010 to 2020,and only peer-reviewed English articles were included.Results Twenty-seven articles were included.The findings of the relevant studies were analyzed using thematic analysis.They were grouped into two themes:symptom trajectories of patients with breast cancer(symptom trajectories in patients with breast cancer,in patients who underwent surgery,and in patients who received cancer-related treatment)and associated factors(socioeconomic factors,health characteristics,cancer-related treatment characteristics).Newly diagnosed patients tended to report high trajectories of depression and persistent sleep disturbance.Most patients who underwent surgery reported significant sleep disturbance and anxiety shortly after surgery.For patients who received cancer-related treatment,only a small proportion had a high level of physical activity after cancer-related therapy over time.A high body mass index,a low relationship quality,parental responsibilities,insufficient social support,a low educational background,and an unhealthy lifestyle may increase the risk of negative symptom trajectories in patients with breast cancer.Additionally,old patients were more likely to report cognitive impairment after chemotherapy,while young patients tended to report trajectories of persistent sexual dysfunction.Concurring symptoms and poor health status also contributed to adverse symptom trajectories.Conclusion The findings of this review add to the body of knowledge of the interindividual variability of symptom trajectories in patients with breast cancer.Despite the overall similarity in appraisal at baseline,the patients reported varied symptom trajectories over time.It is recommended that nurses consider sociodemographic,clinical and cancer-related treatment characteristics and perform targeted early preventive interventions for patients with breast cancer.
基金Supported by The study was in part supported by Bracco Spa(Milan,Italy)
文摘AIM： To investigate in symptomatic uncomplicated di- verticular disease the efficacy of symbiotics associated with a high-fibre diet on abdominal symptoms. METHODS： This study was a multicentre, 6-too ran- domized, controlled, parallel-group intervention with a preceding 4-wk washout period. Consecutive out- patients with symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease, aged 40-80 years, evaluated in 4 Gastroenterology Units, were enrolled. Symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease patients were randomized to two treatment arms A or B. Treatment A （n = 24 patients） received 1 symbiotic sachet Flortec~ （Lactobacillus paracasei B21060） once daily plus high-fibre diet for 6 mo. Treatment B （n = 21 patients） received high-fibre diet alone for 6 rno. The primary endpoint was regres- sion of abdominal symptoms and change of symptom severity after 3 and 6 mo of treatment. RESULTS： In group A, the proportion of patients with abdominal pain 〈 24 h decreased from 100% at base- line to 35% and 25% after 3 and 6 mo, respectively （P 〈 0.001）. In group B the proportion of patients with this symptom decreased from 90.5% at baseline to 61.9% and 38.1% after 3 and 6 mo, respectively （P = 0.001）. Symptom improvement became statistically sig- nificant at 3 and 6 mo in group A and B, respectively. The proportion of patients with abdominal pain 〉24 h decreased from 60% to 20% then 5% after 3 and 6 too, respectively in group A （P 〈 0.001） and from 33.3% to 9.5% at both 3 and 6 mo in group B （P = 0.03）. In group A the proportion of patients with ab- dominal bloating significantly decreased from 95% to 60% after 3 mo, and remained stable （65%） at 6-mo follow-up （P = 0.005） while in group B, no significant changes in abdominal bloating was observed （P = 0.11）. After 6 mo of treatment, the mean visual analogic scale （VAS） values of both short-lasting abdominal pain （VAS, mean ± SD, group A： 4.6 ± 2.1 vs 2.2 ± 0.8, P = 0.02; group B： 4.6 ± 2.9 vs 2.0 ± 1.9, P = 0.03） and abdom- inal bloating （VAS, mean ± SD, group A： 5.3 ± 2.2 vs 3.0 ± 1.7, P = 0.005; group B： 5.3 ±3.2 vs 2.3 ± 1.9, P = 0.006） decreased in both groups, whilst the VAS values of prolonged abdominal pain decreased in the Flortec group, but remained unchanged in the high-fibre diet group （VAS, mean ± SD, group A： 6.5 ± 1.5 vs 4.5 ± 2.1, P = 0.052; group B： 4.5 ± 3.8 vs 5.5 ± 3.5）. CONCLUSION： A high-fibre diet is effective in relievingabdominal symptoms in symptomatic uncomplicated di- verticular disease. This treatment may be implemented by combining the high-fibre diet with Flortec~.
文摘Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) typically has a sudden or progressive onset of severe visual loss and an ominous association with an occult malignancy which contains breast cancer. Pathologically, CAR is the degeneration of photoreceptors. But the precise mechanism has not been fully established, CAR may result from autoimmune mediated apoptosis. And in recent years, there also have been some results demonstrating that tumor derived angiogenic factors such as VEGF may also confer the development of CAR, which may offer novel avenues for the therapeutic intervention in CAR. Early initiation of immunosuppressive therapy is critical for vision preservation. Future developments in rapid identification and longitudinal quantification of antibody levels would enable individualized management in these patients. The goal of this review was to analyze the epidemiology, the clinical features, the diagnosis and management of retinopathy in the context of recent advances in the elucidation of breast cancer-associated retinopathy (BCAR) pathogenesis.
基金supported by NS Bio JapanNS Health Biotechnology Beijing
文摘Evidence suggests that the hyperammonemia （HA）-induced neuroinflammation and alterations in the serotonin （5-HT） system may contribute to cognitive decline and anxiety disorder during hepatic encephalopathy （HE）. Probiotics that maintain immune system homeostasis and regulate the 5-HT system may be potential treatment for HA-mediated neurological disorders in HE. In this study, we tested the efficacy of probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus strain NS8 in preventing cognitive decline and anxie- ty-like behavior in HA rats. Chronic HA was induced by intraperitoneal injection of ammonium acetate for four weeks in male Sprague-Dawley rats. HA rats were then given Lactobacillus helveticus strain NS8 （109 CFU mL 1） in drinking water as a dai- ly supplementation. The Morris water maze task assessed cognitive function, and the elevated plus maze test evaluated anxie- ty-like behavior. Neuroinflammation was assessed by measuring the inflammatory markers： inducible nitric oxide synthase, prostaglandin E2, and interleukin-1 13 in the brain. 5-HT system activity was evaluated by measuring 5-HT and its metabolite, 5-HIAA, and the 5-HT precursor, tryptophan. Probiotic treatment of HA rats significantly reduced the level of inflammatory markers, decreased 5-HT metabolism, restored cognitive function and improved anxiety-like behavior. These results indicate that probiotic L. helveticus strain NS8 is beneficial for the treatment of cognitive decline and anxiety-like behavior in HA rats.
