The estimation of lifetime morbid events is not a rare presentation of relatively old and of more recent epidemi- ological investigations, accompanied by evaluating rates, risks and predictors （more in general determ...The estimation of lifetime morbid events is not a rare presentation of relatively old and of more recent epidemi- ological investigations, accompanied by evaluating rates, risks and predictors （more in general determinants or risk factors）. However, when the follow-up period is very long and Kaplan-Meier survival curves are adopted, or Kaplan- Meier-based more complex models such as Cox＇s analysis are used, clinical （or epidemiological） reality may well be distorted since by these survival methods risks tend to be overestimated, whereas survival tends to be reduced.展开更多
We tested the role of interspecific competition in driving species distribution at multiple spatial scales using two sibl- ing species of Galerida larks （G cristata and G. theklae） in Morocco （sympatry）, Balearic ...We tested the role of interspecific competition in driving species distribution at multiple spatial scales using two sibl- ing species of Galerida larks （G cristata and G. theklae） in Morocco （sympatry）, Balearic islands （G theklae only） and Israel （G cristata only）. We first investigated regional-scale determinants by contrasting allopatric versus sympatric patterns in five distinct habitat types. We next focused on a single habitat used by both species, the coastal sand dunes. Dune quadrats were established along the Moroccan coast and completed by a quadrat in the nearest distinct landscape habitat. Poisson regressions were used to model Galerida counts together with ecological predictors as concerns the climate, topography, vegetation structure and soil gra- nulometry. At the local scale, both species preferred grey dunes over white sand dunes, and both were negatively affected by the abundance of the congeneric species in the dune. However, we found that G theklae tended to replace G. cristata in more arid sand dunes, even if the transition was not strictly clinal. Instead, the transition occurred when the surrounding landscape changed from coastal wetlands to bathas （grasslands with shrubs）, highlighting the importance of habitat composition at the landscape scale. The fact that G cristata used bathas in allopatry, but not in sympatry, suggested that the competitive environment contri- buted to determine sand dune occupancy. We suggest that landscape-level effects may be pivotal in explaining species distribu- tion not only at the local scale, by affecting the pool of potential immigrants, but also at the regional scale, by contributing to species＇ range limit [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 10-22, 2015].展开更多
文摘The estimation of lifetime morbid events is not a rare presentation of relatively old and of more recent epidemi- ological investigations, accompanied by evaluating rates, risks and predictors （more in general determinants or risk factors）. However, when the follow-up period is very long and Kaplan-Meier survival curves are adopted, or Kaplan- Meier-based more complex models such as Cox＇s analysis are used, clinical （or epidemiological） reality may well be distorted since by these survival methods risks tend to be overestimated, whereas survival tends to be reduced.
文摘We tested the role of interspecific competition in driving species distribution at multiple spatial scales using two sibl- ing species of Galerida larks （G cristata and G. theklae） in Morocco （sympatry）, Balearic islands （G theklae only） and Israel （G cristata only）. We first investigated regional-scale determinants by contrasting allopatric versus sympatric patterns in five distinct habitat types. We next focused on a single habitat used by both species, the coastal sand dunes. Dune quadrats were established along the Moroccan coast and completed by a quadrat in the nearest distinct landscape habitat. Poisson regressions were used to model Galerida counts together with ecological predictors as concerns the climate, topography, vegetation structure and soil gra- nulometry. At the local scale, both species preferred grey dunes over white sand dunes, and both were negatively affected by the abundance of the congeneric species in the dune. However, we found that G theklae tended to replace G. cristata in more arid sand dunes, even if the transition was not strictly clinal. Instead, the transition occurred when the surrounding landscape changed from coastal wetlands to bathas （grasslands with shrubs）, highlighting the importance of habitat composition at the landscape scale. The fact that G cristata used bathas in allopatry, but not in sympatry, suggested that the competitive environment contri- buted to determine sand dune occupancy. We suggest that landscape-level effects may be pivotal in explaining species distribu- tion not only at the local scale, by affecting the pool of potential immigrants, but also at the regional scale, by contributing to species＇ range limit [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 10-22, 2015].
