从唐朝礼制看“天宝争长”的真实性

由于“天宝争长”只见于日本史籍,其真实性受到质疑。本文着眼于大伴古麻吕一行的入朝时间,以《大唐开元礼》为主,辅以其他史料,考察唐朝蕃使朝见皇帝的规程,并与日本史籍作对比,得出如下结论:不论大伴古麻吕一行是元正朝贺,还是三月贺正、六月朝见,“天宝争长”的记述都与相应的唐朝礼制存在矛盾,由此推断“天宝争长”是虚构事件。“天宝争长”的虚构是古代日本型华夷思想的反映,却显示了日本试图建立的华夷秩序是以主动加入古代中国的大华夷圈为前提。

从唐日外交态势看天宝争长之可能性

唐代正值中国封建社会发展的鼎盛时期,也是日本向封建社会迈进的关键时期,民族自尊心进一步加强的日本,为了不使自己在当时以中国为中心的东亚国际秩序中的地位低于新罗,就与其位次孰高孰低的问题向唐提出了异议。这个事件既反映出了唐、日、新三国之间微妙的外交关系,也反映出了日本的民族性。

论乾隆帝“不欲与文人学士争长”文学观

“不欲与文人学士争长”是乾隆帝弘历一生中反复申说的理念。它似乎是弘历的基本文学观念之一,但实际并非发自其真心,而是他综合考虑清朝统治需要及自身文学写作实际后,精心选择的策略性话语。通过反复申明此说,弘历在一定程度上缓解了清朝文化统治中的内在矛盾,规避了可能遭遇的腹诽心谤。同时,此说经由弘历的反复申谕,逐渐具备了权威属性,演变成清王朝的一项官方文学观念及尺度,内化在国家文治系统之中。考察该说的属性及时代命运,有助于研讨清帝文学理念与御制诗文的特殊性质,并对以往研究中存在的某些预设进行反思。

披沙拣金 摄影镜头竞短争长

数码单反近年来发展迅猛,群雄并起,竞争愈演愈烈,价格也缓缓下降。凭借着高速的反应能力、可更换镜头带来的高画质和高延展性,已成为专业摄影师和摄影爱好者的第一选择。而光学镜头是数码单反相机难以割舍的拍档,不同的摄影题材又需要得到不同规格"长枪"或"短炮"的扶助,其光学性能很大程度上影响了最终的成像效果。每一款镜头的特点在于哪里?其光学性能如何?性价比怎样?你需要的是"长枪"还是"短炮"?"一镜走天下"是否真的实惠?……这都是摄影爱好者所关心的问题。世界上并没有十全十美的东西,要想挑选出一支最合适的镜头,必须从用途、品牌、兼容、焦距、光圈、色差等等各个方面综合分析。

瞬息浮生

对酒五首(之二)蜗牛角上争何事,石火光中寄此身。随富随贫且欢乐,不开口笑是痴人。白居易童年读明代学者洪应明所著《菜根谭》,记住了这样两句话:“石火光中争长竞短,几何光阴?蜗牛角上较雌论雄,许大世界!”深深叹服作者之见识与文采。后来披览《白氏长庆集》,见到了这首七绝,方知洪氏之言,原是蹈袭前人。

Growth and Competition of Fourteen Herb Species in Experimental Microcoenosiums

Growth and competition of 14 herb species were investigated in the experimental microcoenosiums in laboratory under the following environmental factors and treatment levels: high and low fertility, clipping and un-clipping, and with and without microbial infusion. The most intense competition and the biggest difference in biomass among the species were detected in the high fertility microcoenosiums subjected to no clipping disturbance. Clippings or low fertility reduced the growth of the competitors and resulted in more even biomass distribution among the species. Successive clippings reduced the total accumulative biomass of the microcoenosiums. Microbial infusion significantly increased the growth of legume species Lotus corniculatus L. and Trifolium pratense L. The growth of Alopecurus pratensis L. was also raised by microbial infusion, whereas Dactylis glomerata L. had more biomass in without-microbial-infusion microcoenosiums than in microbial infusion ones. Most of the 14 species were not obviously affected. The positive effect of microbial infusion was more marked in the low fertility microcoenosiums.

A research on the evolvement of industrial structure and economic growth of He'nan Province,China

This paper, based on the investigation of the statistics in the years of 1980-2005, using Shift-Share Method model, studies systematically the relation between the evolution of industrial structure and regional economic growth in five economic regions in He＇nan to offer the foundation of policy for optimizing the industrial structure and promoting regional economic development in phase, and thereby comes to the conclusions： （1） the industrial structure level of He＇nan, in comparison with the evolution of the industrial structure across the country, remains low, but yet the evolutional tendency of industrial structure in He＇nan complies with the Clark taw of the industrial structure evolution; （2） the spatial difference of He＇nan industrial structure evolution is comparatively large, （3） the evolution of industrial structure in He nan that influences economic growth can be categorized into three types： in eastern and southern regions, the shift-share of the industrial structure is negative, and the shift-share model of competitiveness is negative, in western and central regions, the shift.share of the industrial structure is positive, and the shift-share model of competitiveness is positive; in northern regions; the shift-share of the industrial structure is positive, and the shift-share model of competitiveness is negative： （4） the evolution of industriai structure influences greatly the development of the regional economy of He nan As the results of the researches shown, it can innovation of He＇nan tra：ditional industry with high-tech the vast development of the tertiary industry, the expansion of He＇nan overall level o industrial structure, the growth of deep-processing manufacturing of agricultural products, and the increase of He＇nan agricultural products subsidiary value Will be the strategic choices of the rearrangement of He＇nan industrial structure.

LOW DOSE PIRFENIDONE SUPPRESSES TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA-1 AND TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE-1, AND PROTECTS RATS FROM LUNG FIBROSIS INDUCED BY BLEOMYCIN

Objective To investigate the optimal dosage of pirfenidone for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in Wistar rats, and the alteration of expressions of transforming growth factor beta-1 （ TGF-β1 ）, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 （ TIMP-1 ）, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 （ MMP-13 ） in lung tissue. Methods Male Wistar rats were endotracheally instilled with bleomycin or normal saline. Pirfenidone （25-800 mg · kg^-l · d^-1 ）, dexamethasone （3 mg/kg）, or 1% carboxymethylcellulose sodium were given daily by feed 2 days before instillation of bleomycin. Groups T7 and T14 were fed pirfenidone 50 mg · kg^-1 · d^-1 at 7 days or 14 daYs after bleomycin instillation. Lungs were harvested at 28 days after bleomycin instillation. Patholological changes in luffg tissues were evaluated with HE staining. Lung collagen was stained by sirius red and measured by content of hydroxypro- line. Expression of proteins of TGF-β1 TIMP-1, and MMP-13 were detected by Western blotting. Results At doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg· kg^- 1 · d ^- 1, pirfenidone had significant anti-fibrotic effects for bleomy- cin-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis, and these effects were most significantly attenuated at the dosage of 50 mg · kg^-1 ·d^ -1（ HE： P 〈 0. 01, P 〈 0.01, and P = 0.064; sirius red： P 〈0.05, P 〈 0.01, and P 〈 0.05 ; hydroxyproline： P = 0.595, P 〈 0.01, and P = 0.976）. Pirfenidone at a dosage of 50 mg · kg^- l · d^-1 inhibited protein expression of TGF-131 and TIMP-1 in lung tissue in the early phase （0.79 and 0.75 times of control group）, but had no effect on ex- nr^eelnn nf MMP-13. Conclusion Low dose pirfenidone, especially at dosage of 50 mg · kg^-1 · d^-1, has significant anti-fibrotic effects on bleomycin-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis. Pirfenidone partially inhibits the enhancement of the expression of TGF-131 and TIMP-β1 in lung tissue.

Competition Between Self-birth and Catalyzed Death in Aggregation Growth with Catalysis Injection

We propose two irreversible aggregation growth models of aggregates of two distinct species （.4 and B） to study the interactions between virus aggregates and medicine efficacy aggregates in the virus-medicine cooperative evolution system. The A-species aggregates evolve driven by self monomer birth and B-species aggregate-catalyzed monomer death in model I and by self birth, catalyzed death, and self monomer exchange reactions in model II, while the catalyst B-species aggregates are assumed to be injected into the system sustainedly or at a periodic time-dependent rate. The kinetic behaviors of the A-species aggregates are investigated by the rate equation approach based on the mean-field theory with the self birth rate kernel IA（k） = Ik, catalyzed death rate kernel JAB（k） = Jk and self exchange rate kernel KA （k, l） = Kkl. The kinetic behaviors of the A-species aggregates are mainly dominated by the competition between the two effects of the self birth （with the effective rate I） and the catalyzed death （with the effective rate JB0）, while the effects of the self exchanges of the A-species aggregates which appear in an effective rate KAo play important roles in the cases of I 〉 JBo and I = JBo. The evolution behaviors of the total mass M1^A（t） and the total aggregate number MA（t） are obtained, and the aggregate size distribution ak（t） of species A is found to approach a generalized scaling form in the case of I ≥ JBo and a special modified scaling form in the case of I 〈 JB0. The periodical evolution of the B-monomers concentration plays an exponential form of the periodic modulation.

Research on the impact of financial slack to product competition ——Based on the growth perspective of real estate enterprises

This article is based on growth, financial multidimensional perspective of redundancy and product market competition, focus on growth as a key variable, to explore the growth of financial redundancy and product market competition. The data of 326 real estate companies were selected for empirical analysis. The research finds that the financial redundancy promotes competition in the product market, and the relationship between the growth of the enterprise growth and the competition between the financial redundancy and the competition of the product market.

The Constitution and Working Mechanism of the Fast Fashion Enterprise Financial Competitiveness

With the Pearson Correlation Coefficient measurement method, this paper studies the correlation between the various elements influencing the financial competitiveness of the fast fashion enterprieses and the long-term financial stability, which shows that the financial resilience has the biggest correlation with the long-term financial stability, which is followed in sequence by financial management capacity, financial resources capacity, financial performance capacity, and financial activity capacity. This is due to the fact that such factors as financial solvency, financial operations, profitability, growth capacity and the ability to generate cash exert effect upon the long-term stability of the financial competitiveness.

Sustainable development and upgrading mode of coal industry in China

It is an emerging realistic problem on how to promote a high level of technology in the coal industry, find new upgrading powers and create new competitive advantages, which are also the core problems to efficient transformation pattern of economic growth for coal industry in the ''twelfth five-year'' period, involving the key to China's energy supply and energy security. Through field surveys and inductive analyses, analyzing of the content of upgrading the coal industry as an entry point, this paper analyzes the sustainable development mechanisms for the coal industry from the aspects of work force, power, methods, goals, and so on; and puts forward corresponding developmental modes according to the mechanisms which can improve resource recovery and mineral resources utilization rates by putting them into practice.

依靠团结协作的力量让衡阳更美好

2011年元旦,我有幸收到了市委文雄书记送的一份特殊的礼物——《维基经济学》。《维基经济学》启迪我们,团结协作可以优势互补,强强联合。能不能把周围的人都团结协作起来,把每个人的聪明才智都发挥出来,是检验一个领导干部本事大小的"试金石"。

Bacillus promotes invasiveness of exotic Flaveria bidentis by increasing its nitrogen and phosphorus uptake

The effect of exotic plants on Bacillus diversity in the rhizosphere and the role of Bacilli in exotic or native plant species remain poorly understood.Flaveria bidentis is an invasive grass in China.Setaria viridis is a native grass and occurs in areas invaded by F.bidentis.Our objectives were(i)to examine the differences in the Bacillus communities between F.bidentis and S.viridis rhizospheres soil,and(ii)to compare the effects of Bacilli from F.bidentis and S.viridis rhizospheres on the competitiveness of the invasive species.Flaveria bidentis monoculture,mixture of F.bidentis and S.viridis and S.viridis monoculture were designed in the field experiment.Bacillus diversity in their rhizosphere was analyzed using 16S rRNA.One of the dominant Bacilli in the rhizosphere soil of F.bidentis was selected to test its effect on the competitive growth of F.bidentis in a greenhouse experiment.Bacillus diversity differed in F.bidentis and S.viridis rhizosphere.Brevibacterium frigoritolerans was the dominant Bacilli in the rhizosphere of both F.bidentis and S.viridis;however,its relative abundance in the F.bidentis rhizosphere was much higher than that in the S.viridis rhizosphere.In addition,B.frigoritolerans in the F.bidentis rhizosphere enhanced the growth of the plant compared with that of S.viridis by improving the nitrogen and phosphorus levels.This study showed that F.bidentis invasion influenced Bacillus communities,especially B.frigoritolerans,which,in turn,facilitated F.bidentis growth by increasing the levels of available nitrogen and phosphorus.

Effect of solidification rate on competitive grain growth in directional solidification of a nickel-base superalloy

The mechanism of grain structure evolution during directional solidification is a fundamental subject in material science. Within the published research there exist conflicting views on the mechanism of grain overgrowth. To study the effect of solidification rate on grain structure evolution, bi-crystals samples were produced in a nickel-base superalloy at different solidification rates. It was found that at the convergent grain boundaries those grains better aligned with respect to the heat flux more readily overgrew neighbouring grains with misaligned orientations and the effect became more pronounced as solidification rate was increased. However, at diverging grain boundaries the rate of overgrowth was invariant to the solidification rate. These experimental results were compared with models in the literature. Thus, a better insight into competitive grain growth in directional solidification processes was obtained.

Transient mode competition in directly modulated DFB semiconductor laser

A new effect of transient mode competition in directly modulated DFB laser based on equivalent phase-shift （EPS） technique is presented and studied. Since there are multi-order reflections in EPS structure and if the 0th order subgrating is properly de- signed, the transient lasing of 0th order will occur during the rising time of the injection current. As a result, transient mode competition between -lst order （main mode） and 0th order will occur accordingly. This can consume redundant carrier and suppress the transient relaxation oscillation, which may be applied in some areas like on-off switching modulation of DFB semiconductor lasers. As an example, an equivalent n phase shift （n-EPS） is carefully designed to realize the effect. In such a laser the 0th order wavelength is in the margin of the material gain region and the -1st order wavelength is around the gain peak, while the stable single longitudinal mode （SLM） operation of the -lst order is guaranteed. The simulation investigation is performed. Good results with suppressed relaxation oscillation and 1.25 Gb/s directly on-off modulation （32 dB extinction ratio） are demonstrated. We believe it provides a new kind of method for on-off switching with high extinction ratio and weak relaxation oscillation.

Competition and abiotic stress affect the size of mangroves near their geographic range limit

Studies of competition in mangroves are mostly limited to seedlings and artificial settings like forestry projects.We conducted the first experimental study of intraspecific competition among adult mangroves in a natural mangrove forest to examine how important competition is in determining tree size compared with abiotic conditions.We conducted a study near Port Aransas,TX,USA,which is near the geographical limit of mangroves and dominated by monospecific stands of‘scrub’form black mangroves,Avicennia germinans.We thinned 10 plots to create a gradient of mangrove cover,and quantified the effects of mangrove cover on the growth of tagged mangroves from 2013 to 2019,and the mangrove canopy height in 2019.The relative growth rate of tagged mangroves declined as mangrove cover increased,and plants in the plot with 100%mangrove cover did not grow,indicating that they had attained their maximum size.In plots with reduced mangrove cover,plant height increased sharply,with plants in the plot with 11%mangrove cover growing~52%taller over 6 years.Canopy height was~30%taller in the plot fringe than in the interior,and canopy height in both fringe and interior declined as mangrove cover increased.Measures of leaf chlorophyll concentration and light interception suggested that plants were primarily limited by nitrogen.Our results showed that scrub mangroves compete strongly despite being limited by abiotic conditions,and that the importance of competition was greater in magnitude than that of abiotic differences between the fringe and interior.