试析西季威克的实践理性二元论及其理论意义

西季威克在经验的基础上无法调和功利主义与利己主义的冲突,在道德哲学史上留下了著名的实践理性二元论困境。关于这一问题的本质,当代西方伦理学界主要存在着内在主义与外在主义两种理解,其中内在主义的观点更为合理。实践理性二元论内涵着道德的不偏不倚性与个人分立性之间的对立,西季威克对实践理性二元论的揭示恰恰凸显了现代道德哲学的内在困境。

论西季威克对穆勒功利主义的批评

弄清功利主义代表人物之间的批判继承关系对于深入理解功利主义具有重大作用。穆勒的功利主义追求内容的完备性而牺牲了与形式的一致性,西季威克则站在直觉主义立场上对穆勒功利主义的三方面内容:快乐的质与量的区分、功利原则的证明和良心的内在制裁理论提出了批评。但是在直觉主义的基础上,西季威克由于机械地割裂了个人幸福与普遍幸福的关系,不能解决功利主义与利己主义的矛盾,最终陷入了实践理性二元论。

Physical Properties of Ⅲ-Antiminodes—a First Principles Study

A comprehensive first principles study of III-Antimonide binary compounds is hardly found in literature. We report a broad study of structural and electronic properties of boron antimonide （BSb）, aluminium antimonide （AlSb）, gallium antimonide （GaSb） and indium antimonide （InSb） in zineblende phase based on density functional theory （DFT）. Our calculations are based on Full-PotentiM Lineaxized Augmented Plane wave plus local orbitals （FP- L（APWq-lo）） method. Different forms of exchange-correlation energy functional and corresponding potential are employed for structural and electronic properties. Our computed results for lattice parameters, bulk moduli, their pressure derivatives, and cohesive energy are consistent with the available experimental data. Boron antimonide is found to be the hardest compound of this group. For band structure calculations, in addition to LDA and GGA, we used GGA-EV, an approximation employed by Engel and Vosko. The band gap results with GGA-EV are of significant improvement over the earlier work.

Local Quark-Hadron Duality and Magnetic Form Factors of Bound Proton

We discuss the consequence of local duality for elastic scattering, and derive a model-independent equation between structure functions at x ～ 1 and elastic electromagnetic form factors. Then the electromagnetic form factors of proton are discussed using the quark-hadron duality theory. We also debate the form factor of proton in a bound state.It may be an effective approach to study the form factor of proton in media.

Determination of physical properties for the mixtures of [BMIM]Cl with different organic solvents

Physical properties including refractive index, density, viscosity and conductivity for binary mixtures of l-butyl- 3-methyl imidazolium chloride （[BMIM]CI） and different organic solvents at 298.15 K have been investigated. Ex- cess molar volumes have been calculated and obtained data has been fitted by the Redlich-Kister equation. The density and refractive index were found to increase with increasing concentration of [BMIM]CI, however, excep- tions do exist as in the case of dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO）/[BMIM]CI. For DMSO/[BMIM]CI, the density decreases with increasing concentration. The addition of different organic solvents was able to disrupt the interactions within mixtures, leading to free mobility of ions. The free mobility of ions has been found to enhance conductivity and decrease viscosity to varying extents in all mixtures studied. It has been observed that solubility parameters, dielectric constants and composition of the solvents used play a vital role in determining the resultant properties. The data obtained will play an important role in understanding the effect of the addition of organic solvents in ILs to enhance their applicability.

Physicochemical Properties, Baking Performance and Sensory Evaluation of Bakery Shortening Enriched with Diacylglycerol

The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of palm diacylglycerol （PDAG）-enriched formulations for bakery shortening. Three types of palm diacylglycerol olein （PDAGOL） at different degree of unsaturation （PDAGOL1V56, PDAGOLIV62 and PDAGOLIV64） were used as main raw materials blended with palm stearin （PS）. The blending compositions ranged from 30% to 70% of PDAGOLIV56/PS, PDAGOLIV62/PS and PDAGOLIV64/PS, respectively. The physicochemical properties of all binary blend systems were characterized for fatty acid composition （FAC）, slip melting point （SMP） and solid fat content （SFC）. The selected bakery shortening formulations were further characterised for polymorphic form of fat crystal and thermal behavior, using X-ray diffractometer （XRD） and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. Bakery shortening enriched with diacylglycerol that were produced from 40DS56 （40% PDAGOLIV56/60% PS）, 40DS62 （40% PDAGOL1V62/60% PS） and 40DS64 （40% PDAGOLIV64/60% PS） had 45%-50% unsaturated fatty acid and crystallized in β ＋ β polymorphs; thus they were suitable for shortening system. Based on product＇s baking performance, it could be found that all Madeira cakes prepared from bakery shortening enriched with diacylglycerol had higher specific cake volume as compared to commercial shortening （CS）. In customer acceptance test, Madeira cake made from 40DS56 shortening scored the highest rating for all sensory attributes, including overall customer acceptability. It had given an indication that 40DS56 shortening formulation was the most suitable fat blends to be used as bakery shortening.

Nucleon Spin Structure Functions in the Resonance Region and the Duality

We discuss the nucleon spin structure function g1 and the difference between the proton and neutron targets , based on quark model calculation. Quark-hadron duality for the nucleon spin structure function is also analyzed. Effects of the Δ(1232) and Roper P11(1440) resonances on the spin structure function and on the difference are mentioned. The results of different models for the Roper resonance are also addressed.

法学的入径与法律意义的创生──论哲学诠释学对中国法学与法治的可能贡献

哲学诠释学的诞生是西方社会经历了科学理性与规则理性的洗礼后重拾人文价值的产物，它对传统解释学中的技术与规则崇拜、主客体截然对立、解释结论唯一正确性等命题提出的反思意见为我们提供了一种开放的法意识形态和法解释观，它为内涵着建构科学理性与重铸人文价值双重使命的中国法学开辟了思想的入径，也为法律由抽象而具体、由静止而行动、由符号而意义化构建了开放性的平台。中国法治唯有在主客一体传统中植入规则之质料方能达致主客二元理性，方能拥获自己的理念根据、制度实体和生存质感。

Multivariate Vector Valued Salzer's Theorem

In this paper, the important Salzer's theorem for rational interpolation is generalized to the multivariate vector valued case.

中国少年司法制度价值理念的确定:一个社会学角度的思考

少年司法制度的价值理念攸关我国少年司法制度改革的方向。当前过分强调少年保护在少年司法改革中的主导地位,却不够重视民众对社会保护的需要,一旦遭到民意的反弹,将使改革又走向一条自我否定的道路。中国以往少年司法制度中的严罚主义传统不是强调少年保护矫枉过正的理由,而是一种应当正视的民众心理的深刻反响。中国未来少年司法制度的价值理念应该是少年保护和社会保护的均衡:在不动摇民众安全感的少年犯罪中,确立以少年保护为主、社会保护为辅的理念;而在动摇安全感的少年犯罪中,确立以社会保护为主、少年保护为辅的理念。中国的少年司法制度改革,在追求少年权利保护的同时,也应为严惩严重少年犯罪保留一个制度空间,以作为民意的防波堤,是一种稳步达成改革目的的明智策略,也在刑法修正案(八)中得到了认可。

Improved twin support vector machine

We improve the twin support vector machine(TWSVM)to be a novel nonparallel hyperplanes classifier,termed as ITSVM(improved twin support vector machine),for binary classification.By introducing the diferent Lagrangian functions for the primal problems in the TWSVM,we get an improved dual formulation of TWSVM,then the resulted ITSVM algorithm overcomes the common drawbacks in the TWSVMs and inherits the essence of the standard SVMs.Firstly,ITSVM does not need to compute the large inverse matrices before training which is inevitable for the TWSVMs.Secondly,diferent from the TWSVMs,kernel trick can be applied directly to ITSVM for the nonlinear case,therefore nonlinear ITSVM is superior to nonlinear TWSVM theoretically.Thirdly,ITSVM can be solved efciently by the successive overrelaxation(SOR)technique or sequential minimization optimization(SMO)method,which makes it more suitable for large scale problems.We also prove that the standard SVM is the special case of ITSVM.Experimental results show the efciency of our method in both computation time and classification accuracy.

The duality of internal energy of ideal gas

This contribution starts with the discussion on the classification of energy, and then the behaviors of various thermodynamic processes are analyzed, accompanying with the comparison of the adiabatic compression process of an ideal gas and an elastic rod. All these analyses show that the internal energy of ideal gases exhibits the duality of thermal energy–mechanical energy, that is,the internal energy acts as the thermal energy during the isochoric process, while the internal energy acts as the mechanical energy during the isentropic process. Such behavior of the internal energy is quite different from other types of energy during the energy conversion process because the internal energy of ideal gases exhibits the duality of thermal energy–mechanical energy. Because of this duality, the internal energy of ideal gas is proposed to be refered to as thermodynamic energy rather than thermal energy as indicated in some literature, although it consists of kinetics of the microscopic random motion of particles and can be expressed as the function of temperature only.

The physicochemical properties of some imidazolium-based ionic liquids and their binary mixtures

The density, viscosity and conductivity of ionic liquids （ILs）, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate （[omim][BF4]）, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride （[omim][C1]）, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate （[hmim] BF4]）, 1-hexyl- 3-methylimidazolium chloride （[hmim][C1]）, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate （[hmim][PF6]）, and the [omim][BF4] ＋ [omim][Cl], [hmim][BF4] ＋ [hmim][C1], and [hmim][PF6] ＋ [hmim][C1] binary mixtures were studied at dif- ferent temperatures. It was demonstrated that the densities of both the neat ILs and their mixtures varied linearly with temper- ature. The density sensitivity of a binary mixture is between those of the two components. The excess molar volumes （l/e） of [hmim][BF4] ＋ [hmim][C1] and [hmim][PF6] ＋ [hmim][C1] mixtures are positive in the whole composition range. For [omim][BF4] ＋ [omim][C1], the VE is also positive in the [omirn][C1]-rich region, but is negative in the [omim][BF4]-rich re- gion. The viscosity or conductivity of a mixture is in the intermediate of those of the two neat ILs. For all the neat ILs and the binary mixtures studied, the order of conductivity is opposite to that of the viscosity. The Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher （VTF） equations can be used to fit the viscosity and conductivity of all the neat ILs and the binary mixtures. The neat ILs and their mixtures obey the Fractional Walden Rule very well, and the values of the Walden slopes are all smaller than unit, indicating obvious ion associations in the neat ILs and the binary mixtures.

Binary Decision Diagram Quantitative Analysis Method Based on Fuzzy Set Theory

A binary decision diagram(BDD) is a data structure that is used to represent a Boolean function.Converting fault tree into BDD can effectively simplify counting processes and improve the accuracy and effectiveness of the results. However, due to various types of uncertainties in reliability data, we cannot obtain precise failure probabilities. In order to accurately quantify the certainties and obtain much more reliable results, we use BDD method based on fuzzy set theory for reliability quantitative analysis. In this regard, we take W-axis feeding system of heavy-duty computer numerical control(CNC) machine as a project example and adopt fuzzy BDD quantitative analysis method to analyze its reliability. The analysis results(aided by computer calculation)illustrate the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.