异书“乾隆通宝”钱版式

《内蒙古金融研究·钱币专辑》1997年第2期喻战勇先生著《异书“乾隆通宝”钱》一文中所附14个图拓,除图14外,余者属常见品,就不述其详。现引录喻文一段又见宝云局一品更奇,“宝”字头第一笔呈横折弯状……,象“宝”横折钱,笔者多年来也仅见一品,初时以为是流铜所致,后经反复观察,又在《简明钱币辞典》见有同类钱,才将其定性,但不知“宝”字是否就有这种写法,希望识者赐教。喻文所说的“才将其定性”。

SADDLE-POINT BASED SEPARATION OF TOUCHED OBJECTS IN 2-D IMAGE

In many image analysis and processing problems, discriminating the size and shape of each individual object in an aggregate pile projected in an image is an important practice. It is relatively easy to distinguish these features among the objects already separated from each other. The problems will be undoubtedly more complex and of greater challenge if the objects are touched or/and overlapped. This letter presents an algorithm that can be used to separate the touches and overlaps existing in the objects within a 2-D image. The approach is first to convert the gray-scale image to its corresponding binary one and then to the 3-D topographic one using the erosion operations. A template (or mask) is engineered to search the topographic surface for the saddle point, from which the segmenting orientation is determined followed by the desired separating operation. The algorithm is tested on a real image and the running result is adequately satisfying and encouraging.

Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Hyperbolic Systems

This paper deals with absorbing boundary conditions for hyperbolic systems in one and two space dimensions.We prove the strict well-posedness of the resulting initial boundary value problem in 1D.Afterwards we establish the GKS-stability of the corresponding Lax-Wendroff-type finite difference scheme.Hereby,we have to extend the classical proofs,since the(discretized) absorbing boundary conditions do not fit the standard form of boundary conditions for hyperbolic systems.

Colorization method based on the linear relationship assumption

A new local cost function is proposed in this paper based on the linear relationship assumption between the values of the color components and the intensity component in each local image window,then a new quadratic objective function is derived from it and the globally optimal chrominance values can be computed by solving a sparse linear system of equations.Through the colorization experiments on various test images,it is confirmed that the colorized images obtained by our proposed method have more vivid colors and sharper boundaries than those obtained by the traditional method.The peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR) of the colorized images and the average estimation error of the chrominance values relative to the original images also show that our proposed method gives more precise estimation than the traditional method.

Statistical Methods for Classification of Medicinal Plants

Statistical classification methods are frequently applied to analyze metabolomics data, especially from medicinal plants. Combined with variable selection techniques, we are able to identify marker candidates, which can be used to discriminate the group to which unknown subjects belong. After preprocessing, such as outlier checking, normalization, missing value imputation and transformation, we then mainly utilized four novel classification methods： RF （random forest）, NSC （nearest shrunken centroid）, PLS-DA （partial least square discriminant analysis） and SAM （significant analysis ofmicroarrays）. Each method has its own device to measure the importance of single metabolite, so that, it is probable to choose highly ranked metabolites, which show the best prediction accuracy. Adapting above strategy, we have successfully analyzed several kinds of metabolomics data including Panax ginseng, Lespedeza species, Anemarrhean asphodeloides and Gastrodia elata.

Time-variant reliability analysis of three-dimensional slopes based on Support Vector Machine method

In the reliability analysis of slope, the performance functions derived from the most available stability analysis procedures of slopes are usually implicit and cannot be solved by first-order second-moment approach. A new reliability analysis approach was presented based on three-dimensional Morgenstem-Price method to investigate three-dimensional effect of landslide in stability analyses. To obtain the reliability index, Support Vector Machine （SVM） was applied to approximate the performance function. The time-consuming of this approach is only 0.028% of that using Monte-Carlo method at the same computation accuracy. Also, the influence of time effect of shearing strength parameters of slope soils on the long-term reliability of three-dimensional slopes was investigated by this new approach. It is found that the reliability index of the slope would decrease by 52.54% and the failure probability would increase from 0.000 705% to 1.966%. In the end, the impact of variation coefficients of c andfon reliability index of slopes was taken into discussion and the changing trend was observed.

Annual risk reporting of listed companies in Malaysia

This study examines risk reporting in annual reports of Malaysian listed companies. The mandatory and voluntary disclosures of risk information are analyzed and the authors examine whether a relationship exists between company size, leverage, and industry type and risk disclosure levels. 150 listed companies from five industries are selected as sample. Content analysis and risk disclosure index of dichotomous measurement are used in data collection. Overall the results indicate that level of risk information disclosed in the annual reports is still minimal. OLS （Ordinary least squares） regression analysis indicates that the level of risk information disclosure is positively associated with size and not with leverage. However, a mixed result has been found for industry type; where only property industry shows a significant relationship with level of risk disclosure, and not for the other industries. This study contributes to financial reporting literature in relation to risk reporting, particularly the practice of Malaysian companies. Findings from this study are also useful to regulators and accounting standard setting body to assess the level of compliance to regulations and standards relating to risk reporting by these companies. More studies are required to further understand the importance of risk information disclosure, such as risk disclosure within specific industry, cross-country studies and usefulness of risk information disclosure from the stakeholders＇ perspectives.

Measuring Raters' Scoring Performance and Their Scoring Results in Terms of Writing Performance Measures

This explorative study investigates 1） whether and how quantitative measures of writing can be applied in finding out about scoring raters＇ specific tendency in their scoring of EFL writing; 2） how the knowledge of raters＇ tendency and scoring results would help verify the best way of combining raters＇ scores; and 3） how the prediction of the writing scores of EFL writing obtained by quantitative writing performance measures would match the real scores given by raters. Based on a tentative CAF framework of writing measures, raters＇ performance or tendency in their scoring was observed and certain patterns of similarities as well as differences were found among the raters. The resuks of multiple linear regressions indicate that all raters give prior attention to the aspect of accuracy in their scoring. Differences among raters are also obvious. When it comes to the combination of different raters＇ scores, the study also finds that weighted average is the best of the three ways of combining scores for this group of raters because it has yielded the best predicting scores than the ＂pure average＂. It is even slightly better than the results obtained by facet analysis in terms of some important indices such as R square and Durbin-Watson value. The matching of the predicted scores with the real scores is well over 50 percent. The results of the study are further discussed in relation to the application of wpm and the possible improvement of wpm framework. The methodological, theoretical and practical implications of the study have also been touched upon in the relevant part of the article.

The Effects of Redundant Control Inputs in Finite-Time Optimal Control

This paper is concerned with the effects of redundant control inputs on the quadratic optimal performance index in finite-time optimal control.Actually,the effects of redundant control input on quadratic performance index is equal to study the effects of the redundant control input on the solution of Riccati differential equation(RDE).Hence,some sufficient conditions are presented to strictly decrease the solution of RDE with the column of input matrix increased.Especially,a necessary and sufficient condition is derived to strictly decrease the solution of the homogeneous RDE after control input extensions.Moreover,one sufficient condition is obtained,which guarantees that the minimum control energy index strictly decreases with input extension.It is shown that redundant control inputs can improve the system performance based on these results.Some examples are taken to illustrate the effectiveness of related problems.

OSCILLATION CRITERIA FOR NONLINEAR SECOND ORDER ELLIPTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The second order elliptic differential equations are considered in an exterior domain Ω Rn, n≥2, where p can chang sign. Some new sufficient conditions for the oscillation of solutions of (1.1) and (1.2) are established.

Nonlinear magnetic network models for flux-switching permanent magnet machines

In this paper, firstly, a basic nonlinear magnetic network model considering iron saturations is proposed for a three-phase 12-stator-slot/10-rotor-pole flux-switching permanent magnet(FSPM) machine. This model is built under cylindrical coordinates and enables the open-circuit air-gap flux-density distributions, phase permanent magnet(PM) flux-linkage, and electromotive-force(EMF) to be predicted with acceptable accuracy. However, large discrepancies are found in the predictions of armature inductances. Then, the basic model is modified by taking into account the localized saturation effect. As a result, the electromagnetic performance can be predicted more accurately, especially for the air-gap flux-density distributions. Furthermore, two improved models are proposed by adding bypass-bridge branches in stator network, to enhance the calculating accuracy of both saturated and unsaturated armature inductances. Finally, the predicted results from the four magnetic network models are validated by both 2D finite element analysis(FEA) and experimental measurements on a machine prototype. Overall, comparisons indicate that the model with bypass-bridge branches between stator teeth and back irons exhibits best performances.

Decoding algorithms of single photon counting imager based on two-dimensional Vernier anodes

The decoding algorithms of two-dimensional Vernier anodes are deduced theoretically.The precision of decoding and uniqueness of encoding are proved.The influencing factors of detection sensitivity and spatial resolution are discussed.The single photon imaging system is constructed,and the two-dimensional Vernier collector is fabricated.The image of the ultra-weak emission source is reconstructed.The spatial resolution of the system is about 100μm.

A Decision Method Based on Competition Model

We propose a decision method -double scale method to derive the priority vector of finite alternatives with respect to a single criterion based on competition model. Compared with the attribute hierarchical model, the double scale method is reasonable and practical.

Transformation Between Eigenfunctions of Three Components of Geometric Momentum on Two-Dimensional Sphere

A technique of coordinate transformation is devised to overcome the computational difficulty associated with the direct transformation between eigenfunctions of three components of the geometric momentum on two-dimensional spherical surface, and the computations are firstly carried out in new coordinates and secondly the results are transformed back into the original coordinates. The eigenfunctions of different components of geometric momentum is explicitly demonstrated to transform under the spatial rotations in the precise way we anticipate.