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临床试验中平行组设计二分类指标样本量的计算 被引量:8
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作者 杨立波 《中国新药杂志》 CAS CSCD 北大核心 2011年第24期2392-2395,共4页
临床试验中所需病例数应符合统计学要求,以确保对所提出的问题给予可靠的回答。样本的大小通常以试验的主要指标来确定,同时应考虑试验设计类型、比较类型等。针对优效/非劣效/等效性试验的目的及统计假设检验和方差,文中介绍了二分类... 临床试验中所需病例数应符合统计学要求,以确保对所提出的问题给予可靠的回答。样本的大小通常以试验的主要指标来确定,同时应考虑试验设计类型、比较类型等。针对优效/非劣效/等效性试验的目的及统计假设检验和方差,文中介绍了二分类指标平行组试验设计样本量的计算方法和通用公式,并结合临床试验的实际案例对样本量计算进行了应用分析。 展开更多
关键词 临床试验 二分类指标 样本量 优效性 非劣效性 等效性试验
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Annual risk reporting of listed companies in Malaysia
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作者 Ruhaya Atan Enny Nurdin Sutan Maruhun +1 位作者 Wan Hasnah Wan A bdul Kadir Kamaruzaman Jusoff 《Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing》 2010年第8期26-37,共12页
This study examines risk reporting in annual reports of Malaysian listed companies. The mandatory and voluntary disclosures of risk information are analyzed and the authors examine whether a relationship exists betwee... This study examines risk reporting in annual reports of Malaysian listed companies. The mandatory and voluntary disclosures of risk information are analyzed and the authors examine whether a relationship exists between company size, leverage, and industry type and risk disclosure levels. 150 listed companies from five industries are selected as sample. Content analysis and risk disclosure index of dichotomous measurement are used in data collection. Overall the results indicate that level of risk information disclosed in the annual reports is still minimal. OLS (Ordinary least squares) regression analysis indicates that the level of risk information disclosure is positively associated with size and not with leverage. However, a mixed result has been found for industry type; where only property industry shows a significant relationship with level of risk disclosure, and not for the other industries. This study contributes to financial reporting literature in relation to risk reporting, particularly the practice of Malaysian companies. Findings from this study are also useful to regulators and accounting standard setting body to assess the level of compliance to regulations and standards relating to risk reporting by these companies. More studies are required to further understand the importance of risk information disclosure, such as risk disclosure within specific industry, cross-country studies and usefulness of risk information disclosure from the stakeholders' perspectives. 展开更多
关键词 RISK REPORTING annual reports listed companies RISK
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