云参的营养组分分析及食用安全性评价

本文根据国标方法系统地分析了云参的营养组分,并开展大鼠急性经口毒性试验和三项遗传毒性试验对云参进行食用安全性评价。结果表明,云参中蛋白质、脂肪和多糖的含量分别为9.190、3.700 mg/100 g和12.100%,氨基酸总含量达5.238 g/100 g,含有K、Ca等21种矿物元素,含量最高的K为8120.0000 mg/kg;含有维生素A、维生素C、维生素E和B族维生素4种维生素,其中B族维生素含量最高且种类丰富;苯醚甲环唑、井岗霉素、四聚乙醛、咪酰胺、噻呋酰胺、吡虫啉和烯酰吗啉7种农药残留以及沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在云参中均未检出;云参对雌、雄大鼠的半数致死剂量(LD 50)>60.0 g/kg BW,按急性毒性剂量分级,属实际无毒;三项遗传毒性试验即细菌回复突变试验、哺乳动物红细胞微核试验及小鼠精原细胞染色体畸变试验结果均为阴性。云参富含蛋白质、氨基酸、矿物元素和维生素(特别是B族维生素),农药残留和微生物指标均符合我国食品安全国家标准的规定,且在本实验条件下,未见明显毒性作用。

云参化学成分研究——Ⅳ.云参、党参脂溶性成分和水溶性成分的薄层层析图谱比较

本文比较了云参和党参脂溶性成分和水溶性成分的薄层层析图谱。结果表明,云参、党参的脂溶性成分(乙醚、乙酸乙酯提取物)和水溶性成分(95％乙醇、水提取物、糖类成分)均基本相同,为云参代替党参使用提供了可靠的科学依据。

充气钻井液技术在云参1井的应用

云参 1井在钻进过程中 ,因钻遇超低压地层而发生严重井漏。为此 ,采用充气 (氮气 )钻井液欠平衡钻井技术 ,满足了地质要求 ,保证了正常钻进 ,这是国内首次成功采用充气钻井液欠平衡压力钻井技术解决严重井漏的井例。系统地介绍了云参 1井充气钻井液的应用背景、工艺流程、井口装置和现场施工情况 。

乳酸菌发酵云参酵素的工艺优化及其功能研究

【目的】以云参为主要原料,制备具有保健功效的酵素产品。【方法】采用单宁酶、纤维素酶和果胶酶酶解云参得到酶解液,以酶解率为衡量指标,确定3种酶复合酶解云参的最佳工艺;接种植物乳杆菌ST发酵云参酶解液,以感官评价为衡量指标,优化发酵工艺;采用酸碱滴定法、福林酚法、DPPH自由基清除率和琼脂打孔扩散法检测云参酵素的可滴定酸含量、蛋白酶活性、抗氧化活性和抑菌活性;云参酵素与人肠上皮细胞HT-29预孵育后,采用qRT-PCR检测IL8、NFKB1和NFKB2基因的mRNA表达量。【结果】3种酶等体积混合后,在料液比(g∶mL) 1∶8,加酶量0.6%,pH 5,酶解温度50 ℃时酶解180 min,酶解率最高(38.6%);植物乳杆菌ST发酵云参酵素的最佳工艺为:蔗糖添加量为8%,植物乳杆菌ST接种量为1×10^5 CFU/mL,37 ℃厌氧发酵20 h;与发酵前相比,云参酵素中可滴定酸含量、蛋白酶活性和DPPH自由基清除能力显著提高17.42%(P < 0.05)、63.75%(P < 0.05)和36.57%(P < 0.05);云参酵素对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)和福氏志贺氏菌(Shigella flexneri)有较强的抑制作用;云参酵素预孵育显著降低了肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导人肠上皮细胞HT-29的炎症基因IL8、NFKB1和NFKB2 mRNA表达水平。【结论】该云参酵素能有效去除云参臭味,口感独特,蛋白酶活性和抗氧化功能显著提升,具有显著的抑菌活性和抗炎作用。

民间传统补药——云参

云参味甘甜,口感好,其根有特殊的浓郁气味,故在民间则习称为"臭参"、"臭药".云参具有补气补血、健脾通气、增强体质作用,是一味营养丰富、药效较好、在民间应用历史久远、药食两用的佳品.经作者实地采集样本,走访民间,认为云参是有着较好的开发前景的民族民间药物.

云蔘（PNS）-伤科圣药对人体体功效之研究

云蔘(Panax notoginseng or PNG)是人蔘和花旗蔘之同系亲属同类植物，自古就被用来当伤科药物使用，但未有深入研究数据，现就云蔘对年轻成人之需氧量、运动持久耐力和皮肤血液流动之影响加以探讨。本实验的目的是在探讨云蔘(PNG)对未受体能训练之20-35岁成人的需氧量、心呼吸功能、皮肤血液流动(SkBF)、和血液化学概况等影响。试验对象被随机分配至试验组(EXP，n=14)和对照组(CON，n=17)。试验方法：用双盲法，给与试验组(EXP)每人每次450mg的云蔘(PNG)胶囊，控制组(CON)每人每次450mg的淀粉胶囊，每天服用二次共服用30天。在最高运转运动测试(MXT)下取得试验对象之吸氧(VO2)峰、心跳速(HR)和血压(BP)。在固定负载量(75-80％VO2peak)运转耐久力测试下取得运动至疲惫时间(Tmax)、二头肌皮肤血液流动(SkBFb)、四头肌皮肤血液流动(SkBFq)以及二头肌和四头肌之皮肤温度(Ts)，还有HR、BP、平均动脉压(MAP)、和每分换气时间(VE)等数值。所有参与实验者均给予书信通知。本实验采用2x2(x组实验)ANOVA和post-hoc t-test统计法来分析所收集的数值并设统计值于p<0.05。试验结果表明试验组(EXP)的 Tmax(30.6±12.8 min vs 34.6±12.7min，p<0.05)有明显进步并且在第24分锺耐久力测试下的VO2、VE以及SkBFb(p<0.05)等数值有明显降低。对VO2峰、SkBF、Ts、HR和血脂等并未达统计值的影响，但可从图表看出不同。在所有测试中，控制组在试验前、后并无显著的改变。碱性磷酸指数(143.2±28.4 vs 55.9u/1±16.9u/1.p<0.05)在服用云蔘(PNG)30天后有降低。结论：我们从实验得知每天服用1,350mg云蔘(PNG)能使未受体能训练之健康成人，在适度耐久力运动下之平均动脉压和需氧量减少，延长运动至疲惫时间，其可能是对血液血管功能改善的影响。(本实验由庄氏基金会赞助)

南方海相低压地层堵漏新技术

对于天然垂直裂缝发育、裂缝宽而且长、地层压力特低的南方海相地层 ,难以成功地应用常规堵漏方法进行堵漏。针对这一问题 ,研究了MTC技术配合充氮气进行气举堵漏技术 ,并成功地应用于云参 1井低压地层中。

流体改造及地貌高差：含油气盆地分析和评价的重要内容

云参1井是楚雄盆地云龙凹陷部署的第一口参数井,在钻进过程中发生严重井漏。对其发生条件和周邻环境的综合剖析揭示,云参1井严重井漏是该地区在较广阔范围内发生非封闭性流体运动及交换的表现,与盆地后期强烈而不均匀的改造造成较近距离地貌起伏高差较大有成因联系。这说明,流体改造是盆地后期改造的重要形式。地貌高差是流体改造作用发生所需的必不可少的基本条件,二者共同导致了流体改造型盆地的形成。所以,地貌高差与流体改造是含油气盆地地质研究和评价的重要内容。同时指出,对地表起伏较大、大气降水量多、水系发育和河流切割较深的盆地或地区(如在我国西部和南方诸盆地),在油气评价和勘探部署时,应加强对流体改造在油气聚散、成藏、改造和分布等方面可能产生影响的研究。

骗术面面观

售货小姐变魔术“塑身内衣”变铁丝网/三个骗子一台戏“云参”

Intercomparison of different physics schemes in the WRF model over the Asian summer monsoon region

Enhancing the ability of the WRF model in simulating a large area covering the West Pacific Ocean, China's Mainland, and the East Indian Ocean is very important to improve prediction of the East Asian monsoon climate. The objective of this study is to identify a reasonable configuration of physical parameterization schemes to simulate the precipitation and temperature in this large area. The Mellor-Yamada-Janjic （MYJ） and Yonsei University （YSU） PBL schemes, the WSM3 and WSM5 microphysics schemes, and the Betts-Miller-Janjic （BMJ） and Tiedtke cumulus schemes are compared through simulation of the regional climate of summer 2008. All cases exhibit a similar spatial distribution of temperature as observed, and the spatial correlation coefficients are all higher than 0.95. The cases combining MY J, WSM3/WSM5, and BMJ have the smallest biases of temperature. The choice of PBL scheme has a significant effect on precipitation in such a large area. The cases with MYJ reproduce a better distribution of rain belts, while YSU strongly overestimates the precipitation intensity. The precipitation simulated using WSM3 is similar to that using WSM5. The BMJ cumulus scheme combined with the MYJ PBL scheme has a smaller bias of precipitation. However, the Tiedtke scheme reproduces the precipitation pattern better, especially over the ITCZ.

Effect of Macrophysical Parameters of Clouds on Broadband Solar Radiation(295-2800 nm) at a Subtropical Location

The present study describes the effect of clouds （macro-physical parameters） on global solar radia- tion （G）. Data from four years of hourly measurements of G on a horizontal surface were used. These data were collected at the South Valley University （SVU） meteoro- logical research station （26.2~N, 32.7~E, 96 m above mean see level. In addition, the cloud modification factor for G （CMF~）was estimated in three cases： high-level, mid-level, and low-level clouds. For every level, the variation of hourly CMF~ as a function of cloud amount （CA） was illustrated. A third-order polynomial between hourly values of CMFc and CA was established. Fur- thermore, the effect of CA in the attenuation of G relative to its corresponding value in cloudless conditions is dis- cussed. For cloud cover 〉 88%, G was reduced by 54%, 34%, and 28% by low-, mid-, and high-level clouds, re- spectively.

Numerical investigations for the impacts of triple-moment and double-moment condensation schemes on the warm rain formation

The initiation and intensity of warm rain are processes dominated by the evolution of cloud droplet spectra.To treat the cloud condensation process properly is a fundamental step for the simulation of warm rain formation.Double-moment bulk schemes with a limited number of prognostic variables cannot simulate the evolution of droplet spectra properly.A triple-moment bulk scheme,however,should overcome the problem of spurious cloud droplet spectrum broadening induced by double-moment schemes.To compare the effects of a newly developed triplemoment scheme with double-moment schemes on warm rain formation,the authors conducted WRF-LES numerical simulations to investigate the impacts of the two types of condensation scheme on rain initiation and intensity.In the early stage of raindrop formation,the simulation with the triple-moment scheme delays the raindrop initiation and produces droplet spectra with smaller average radii than those with the double-moment scheme.In the developing stage,the triple-moment scheme reduces the raindrop water content at the precipitation center.However,the further triple-moment scheme for raindrop is needed to simulate the development of warm rain accurately.

Validation for a tropical belt version of WRF: sensitivity tests on radiation and cumulus convection parameterizations

Version 3.9 of WRF-ARW is run with a tropical belt configuration for a period from 2012 to 2016 in this study. The domain covers the entire tropics between 45°S and 45°N with a spatial resolution of about 45 km. In order to verify two radiation schemes and four cumulus convection schemes, eight experiments are performed with different combinations of physics parameterization schemes. The results show that eight experiments present reasonable spatial patterns of surface air temperature and precipitation in boreal summer, with the spatial correlation coefficient (COR) between simulated and observed temperature exceeding 0.95, and that between simulated and observed precipitation ranges from 0.65 to 0.82. The four experiments with the RRTMG radiation scheme show a better performance than the other four experiments with the CAM radiation scheme. In the four experiments with the RRTMG radiation scheme, the COR between simulated and observed surface air temperature is about 0.98, and that between simulated and observed precipitation ranges from 0.76 to 0.82. Comparatively, the two experiments using the new Tiedtke cumulus parameterization scheme can simulate better diurnal variation of precipitation in boreal summer than the other six experiments. In particular, for the diurnal cycle of precipitation over land and ocean, the experiment using the RRTMG radiation scheme and the new Tiedtke cumulus convection scheme shows that the peaks of precipitation rate appear at 0400 LST and 1600 LST, in agreement with observation.

IMPACTS OF CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION AND RESOLUTION ON THE MJO SIMULATION

Madden-Julian Oscillations (MJO) in six integrations using an AGCM with different cumulus parameterization schemes and resolutions are examined to investigate their impacts on the MJO simulation. Results suggest that the MJO simulation can be affected by both resolution and cumulus parameterization, though the latter, which determines the fundamental ability of the AGCM in simulating the MJO and the characteristics of the simulated MJO, is more crucial than the former. Model resolution can substantially affect the simulated MJO in certain aspects. Increasing resolution cannot improve the simulated MJO substantially, but can significantly modulate the detailed character of the simulated MJO; meanwhile, the impacts of resolution are dependent on the cumulus parameterization, determining the basic features of the MJO. Changes in the resolution do not alter the nature of the simulated MJO but rather regulate the simulation itself, which is constrained by cumulus parameterization schemes. Therefore, the vertical resolution needs to be increased simultaneously. The vertical profile of diabatic heating may be a crucial factor that is responsible for these different modeling results. To a large extent, it is determined by the cumulus parameterization scheme used.

Impacts of uncertain cloud-related parameters on Pacific Walker circulation simulation in GAMIL2

To investigate the impacts of uncertain parameters on simulated Pacific Walker circulation （PWC）, a large number of perturbed parameter simulations are conducted using GAMIL2 （the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG, version 2）, and three different PWC indices are selected.The results show that the influences of some parameters on PWC are dependent on the selected index - a finding supported by the inconsistent responses of different indexes to these parameters. Among the nine parameters, the RH threshold for deep convection （RHCRIT） is the most sensitive in simulating PWC. Increased RHCRIT weakens deep convective heating and stratiform cooling, and strengthens shallow convective heating. Further analysis reveals that uncertain parameters affect the simulated PWC through changing the diabatic heating and vertical motion.

The Diversity of the Environmental Impact in Kurzeme

The analysis of environmental impact effects on forest ecosystems has a theoretical and practical nature. Many methods have been developed to determine characteristics and intensity of this impact. Methodologically, they can be divided into three groups： environmental parameter, bioindicative and combined methods. To evaluate the environmental impact a combined method was used in this study, it was based on trees as the bioindicators and their response reactions, and environmental parameter analysis. In this study the bioindicator was Norway spruce （Picea abies （L.） Karst.）, whose response reaction was used to explain total impact volumes of environmental factors in different places in the region of Kurzeme and try to interpret the causes of these differences. As the bioindicators criterion was used response reaction of Norway spruce during a period of 20 years, which was expressed with cumulative and annual additional volume increment, and was depending on the location of the stand and its morphometric characteristics. The empirical material was collected in Kurzeme region in 28 sample plots that are located on two transects and in one reference stand. For the evaluation the widths of the last 40 year growth rings were measured. To express the environmental impact in Kurzeme region a multiple regression model was developed, which explains the environmental impact in the volume of 68.2%, the rest part can be explained by the local conditions of each stand. It must be noted that methodology used in this study is very sensitive, thus, each of the nuances in the dynamics of volume＇s annual reduced additional increments has biological and ecological cause.

Application of Ambient Stress Parameters to Short-Term Prediction of the 2004, M_S5.0 Shuangbai, Yunnan Earthquake

Based on the data recorded by the regional digital seismic network of Yunnan and using new methods, the short-term variations of the ambient stress field of Yunnan and its adjacent areas are monitored in real time. With the in-depth analyses of the spatial-temporal evolution of the ambient stress field prior to the 2004, Shuangbai M_S5.0 earthquake, concrete procedures for predicting the three elements of the earthquake are presented.

Study on Inelastic Attenuation and Source Parameters of the Shidian Swarm in 2001

Based on horizontal-component digital seismograms recorded on 6 stations of the Yunnan Regional Digital Network, we inversed the inelastic attenuation in the source region of the Shidian swarm using the Atkinson method and the site responses of the 6 stations 200kin around the Shidian epicenters using the Moya method. The observational seismic waveform data were corrected by removing the propagation, instrument and site effects before the source parameters of the Shidian swarm in 2001 were determined using genetic algorithms. The results are as follows： （ 1 ） There is a linear relation between seismic moment and local magnitude. The seismic moment is between 1×10^12 and 10^14 N·m. The rupture radius of the seismic focus varies from 157m to 973m. The seismic moment and the rupture radius maintain a linear correlation. （2） The corner frequency increases as the seismic moment decreases. Based on the expression between corner frequency and seismic moment using least squares fitting, we can obtain the estimated value of the corner frequency. The time-varying value of the calculated corner frequency minus the estimated corner frequency shows that there were continuous high and low anomalies before the strong aftershocks. （3） The seismic stress drop is in the range of 0.07-1.55MPa. The stress drop seems independent of the local magnitude. The variation of stress drops is high before the occurrence of the strong aftershocks. （4） The depth of aftershocks is mostly in a range from 5kin to 10km, which means that energy release of aftershocks is mainly concentrated in this range of depth.