采用20世纪再分析版本2c数据集的云水量逐月再分析数据,通过数理统计方法,分析了1960~2014年全球、海洋和陆地上空云水量的分布和变化特征及其与水汽通量的关系。结果表明:1)全球云水量空间分布不均,海洋高于陆地且比例约为4﹕3,中低纬...采用20世纪再分析版本2c数据集的云水量逐月再分析数据,通过数理统计方法,分析了1960~2014年全球、海洋和陆地上空云水量的分布和变化特征及其与水汽通量的关系。结果表明:1)全球云水量空间分布不均,海洋高于陆地且比例约为4﹕3,中低纬海洋、陆地上空云水量变化趋势分别为0.07 g m^(−2)(10 a)^(−1)和−0.04 g m^(−2)(10 a)^(−1),季节性差异主要体现于夏季在热带辐合带和南半球海洋高,冬季在北半球海洋和南半球陆地高。2)对比六大洲发现,云水量最高的南美洲有最快增加趋势,为0.46 g m^(−2)(10 a)^(−1),同时云水量最低的非洲有最快降低趋势,为−0.59 g m^(−2)(10 a)^(−1)。3)中低层整层水汽通量散度场的辐合、辐散区和云水量的高、低值区相对应,云水量与水汽通量散度变化呈负相关(相关系数为−0.44),负相关关系在赤道附近的低纬地区显著。本文揭示了在全球变暖背景下,大气中云水量分布和变化的时空格局,为模式参数化和未来气候预估提供参考。展开更多
A located field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different amount of chemical fertilizer usage on rice yield,economic benefits of rice,soil carbon（C） and total nitrogen（TN） under ploughing back o...A located field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different amount of chemical fertilizer usage on rice yield,economic benefits of rice,soil carbon（C） and total nitrogen（TN） under ploughing back of Chinese milk vetch for 5consecutive years.Six treatments were included in the experiment,they are CK（unfertilized）,CF（100% chemical fertilizer with the amount of N,P2O5,K2 O being150,75,120 kg/hm^2respectively）,A1（22 500 kg/hm^2 Chinese milk vetch and 100%chemical fertilizer）,A2（Chinese milk vetch and 80% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）,A3（Chinese milk vetch and 60% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）,A4（Chinese milk vetch and 40% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）.The results were as follows：application of fertilizer could increase the yield of rice,while Chinese milk vetch combined with fertilizer application had a much more increase effect in rice yield.Under the condition of milk vetch application with 22 500 kg/hm^2,the early rice yield of the treatment A1 was significantly increased by 7.7% compared with that of CF.And the yield of treatment A3 was basically identical to or slight increase in comparison with that of CF.Decreasing amount of fertilizers cloud improve output value of rice in the case of the utilization of Chinese milk vetch.The treatment A1 increased output value of rice by 5.92% in comparison of CF,and treatment A2 was by 4.08% in the next.Treatment A4 showed much better effect in increasing soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the paddy soil than those of treatments applying mineral fertilizer only.There was a significant reduction on soil organic carbon and TN in treatment A2 in comparison with that of CF.In general,amount of application of milk vetch with 22 500 kg/hm^2 could replace chemical fertilizer partially,it also could improve rice yield,decrease the production cost,and raise the utilization efficiency of nutrients.展开更多
[Objective] The effects of ploughing Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage as green manure on paddy soil properties were studied to provide references for ad- vancing the green manure production and field sustainable d...[Objective] The effects of ploughing Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage as green manure on paddy soil properties were studied to provide references for ad- vancing the green manure production and field sustainable development. [Methods] A three-year field positioning experiment was carried out. In the first year, five differ- ent levels （0, 2.81, 5.61, 8.42, 11.23 t/hm~） of Astragalus sinicus ploughed at matu- rity stage were designed. And in the next two years, the amounts of ploughed As- tragalus sinicus at maturity stage were based on the natural growth amounts of As- tragalus sinicus at maturity stage of the former year in each plot field. The yields of Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage were estimated and ploughed directly before rice transplanting. Rice yield, soil nutrients, biological properties and water-stable aggre- gates of paddy fields were measured as well. [Results] The effective panicles and rice yields increased significantly after ploughing Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage. Meanwhile, the organic acid content in paddy field increased and the activities of soil phosphatases, invertase and catalase were higher. The soil dissolved organic carbon also increased with the increasing application of green manure. However, excess amount of green manure inhibited the soil microbial biomass carbon content. The macro aggregates and micro aggregates gathered to middle aggregates. [Conclusion] As green manure, the use of Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage could improve soil physiochemical and biological properties, improve soil fertility and increase rice yield significantly. But the ploughing amount of Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage before rice transplanting should be less than 8.42 t/hm2 （dry weight.展开更多
We have studied the efficiency of energy consumption in the comminution of mica powder with cavitation abrasive water jet technology. The energy required to create new surfaces in the comminution of mica powder with c...We have studied the efficiency of energy consumption in the comminution of mica powder with cavitation abrasive water jet technology. The energy required to create new surfaces in the comminution of mica powder with cavitation abrasive water jet was calculated,in order to estimate its efficiency of energy consumption. The particle size distribution and the specific surface area were measured by applying a JEM-200CX transmission electron microscope and an Autosorb-1 automatic surface area analyzer. The study results show that the efficiency of energy consumed in creating new surface areas is as high as 2.92%,or 4.94% with the aid of cavitation in the comminution of mica powder. This efficiency will decrease with an increase in the number of comminutions. After three comminutions,the efficien-cies will become 1.91% and 2.29% for comminution without cavitation and with cavitation,respectively. The abrasive water jet technology is an effective way for comminution of mica powder.展开更多
On the basis of 56 years of measured data concerning sunshine duration in Huanren County, the decadal, annual, seasonal, and monthly variation characteristics of sunshine duration in recent 56 years and its relationsh...On the basis of 56 years of measured data concerning sunshine duration in Huanren County, the decadal, annual, seasonal, and monthly variation characteristics of sunshine duration in recent 56 years and its relationship with relative sunshine, total cloudiness, lower cloudiness and water vapour pressure in Huanren area are interpreted in this paper. It demonstrates that the annual, seasonal and monthly sunshine duration show a decreasing trend, decreasing with rapidest speed in spring and slowest speed in winter. The sunshine hours in each month in Huanren area tend to decline, among which the decreasing trend is more obvious in May and less in February. The annual variation of sunshine duration is consistent with sunshine percentage. Sudden change of sunshine duration occurred around 1992. Annual low cloudiness and vapour pressure are slightly increasing. The significantly negative correlation exists between sunshine hours and low cloudiness, and total cloud cover and water vapour pressure are the major factors responsible for decline in sunshine hours in Huanren area.展开更多
文摘采用20世纪再分析版本2c数据集的云水量逐月再分析数据,通过数理统计方法,分析了1960~2014年全球、海洋和陆地上空云水量的分布和变化特征及其与水汽通量的关系。结果表明:1)全球云水量空间分布不均,海洋高于陆地且比例约为4﹕3,中低纬海洋、陆地上空云水量变化趋势分别为0.07 g m^(−2)(10 a)^(−1)和−0.04 g m^(−2)(10 a)^(−1),季节性差异主要体现于夏季在热带辐合带和南半球海洋高,冬季在北半球海洋和南半球陆地高。2)对比六大洲发现,云水量最高的南美洲有最快增加趋势,为0.46 g m^(−2)(10 a)^(−1),同时云水量最低的非洲有最快降低趋势,为−0.59 g m^(−2)(10 a)^(−1)。3)中低层整层水汽通量散度场的辐合、辐散区和云水量的高、低值区相对应,云水量与水汽通量散度变化呈负相关(相关系数为−0.44),负相关关系在赤道附近的低纬地区显著。本文揭示了在全球变暖背景下,大气中云水量分布和变化的时空格局,为模式参数化和未来气候预估提供参考。
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201103005-08)National Science and Technology Support Program during the 12thFive-year Plan(2012BAD05B05-3)International Plant Nutrition Institute S&T Program(Hunan-16)~~
文摘A located field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different amount of chemical fertilizer usage on rice yield,economic benefits of rice,soil carbon（C） and total nitrogen（TN） under ploughing back of Chinese milk vetch for 5consecutive years.Six treatments were included in the experiment,they are CK（unfertilized）,CF（100% chemical fertilizer with the amount of N,P2O5,K2 O being150,75,120 kg/hm^2respectively）,A1（22 500 kg/hm^2 Chinese milk vetch and 100%chemical fertilizer）,A2（Chinese milk vetch and 80% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）,A3（Chinese milk vetch and 60% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）,A4（Chinese milk vetch and 40% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）.The results were as follows：application of fertilizer could increase the yield of rice,while Chinese milk vetch combined with fertilizer application had a much more increase effect in rice yield.Under the condition of milk vetch application with 22 500 kg/hm^2,the early rice yield of the treatment A1 was significantly increased by 7.7% compared with that of CF.And the yield of treatment A3 was basically identical to or slight increase in comparison with that of CF.Decreasing amount of fertilizers cloud improve output value of rice in the case of the utilization of Chinese milk vetch.The treatment A1 increased output value of rice by 5.92% in comparison of CF,and treatment A2 was by 4.08% in the next.Treatment A4 showed much better effect in increasing soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the paddy soil than those of treatments applying mineral fertilizer only.There was a significant reduction on soil organic carbon and TN in treatment A2 in comparison with that of CF.In general,amount of application of milk vetch with 22 500 kg/hm^2 could replace chemical fertilizer partially,it also could improve rice yield,decrease the production cost,and raise the utilization efficiency of nutrients.
基金Supported by the Important Science and Technology Program for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province(2009C2001-TZ)the Taizhou Research and Development of Applied Technology,Zhejiang Province(091TG06)~~
文摘[Objective] The effects of ploughing Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage as green manure on paddy soil properties were studied to provide references for ad- vancing the green manure production and field sustainable development. [Methods] A three-year field positioning experiment was carried out. In the first year, five differ- ent levels （0, 2.81, 5.61, 8.42, 11.23 t/hm~） of Astragalus sinicus ploughed at matu- rity stage were designed. And in the next two years, the amounts of ploughed As- tragalus sinicus at maturity stage were based on the natural growth amounts of As- tragalus sinicus at maturity stage of the former year in each plot field. The yields of Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage were estimated and ploughed directly before rice transplanting. Rice yield, soil nutrients, biological properties and water-stable aggre- gates of paddy fields were measured as well. [Results] The effective panicles and rice yields increased significantly after ploughing Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage. Meanwhile, the organic acid content in paddy field increased and the activities of soil phosphatases, invertase and catalase were higher. The soil dissolved organic carbon also increased with the increasing application of green manure. However, excess amount of green manure inhibited the soil microbial biomass carbon content. The macro aggregates and micro aggregates gathered to middle aggregates. [Conclusion] As green manure, the use of Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage could improve soil physiochemical and biological properties, improve soil fertility and increase rice yield significantly. But the ploughing amount of Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage before rice transplanting should be less than 8.42 t/hm2 （dry weight.
基金The support from both the Research Foundation for Returning Scholars of Chinathe China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘We have studied the efficiency of energy consumption in the comminution of mica powder with cavitation abrasive water jet technology. The energy required to create new surfaces in the comminution of mica powder with cavitation abrasive water jet was calculated,in order to estimate its efficiency of energy consumption. The particle size distribution and the specific surface area were measured by applying a JEM-200CX transmission electron microscope and an Autosorb-1 automatic surface area analyzer. The study results show that the efficiency of energy consumed in creating new surface areas is as high as 2.92%,or 4.94% with the aid of cavitation in the comminution of mica powder. This efficiency will decrease with an increase in the number of comminutions. After three comminutions,the efficien-cies will become 1.91% and 2.29% for comminution without cavitation and with cavitation,respectively. The abrasive water jet technology is an effective way for comminution of mica powder.
文摘On the basis of 56 years of measured data concerning sunshine duration in Huanren County, the decadal, annual, seasonal, and monthly variation characteristics of sunshine duration in recent 56 years and its relationship with relative sunshine, total cloudiness, lower cloudiness and water vapour pressure in Huanren area are interpreted in this paper. It demonstrates that the annual, seasonal and monthly sunshine duration show a decreasing trend, decreasing with rapidest speed in spring and slowest speed in winter. The sunshine hours in each month in Huanren area tend to decline, among which the decreasing trend is more obvious in May and less in February. The annual variation of sunshine duration is consistent with sunshine percentage. Sudden change of sunshine duration occurred around 1992. Annual low cloudiness and vapour pressure are slightly increasing. The significantly negative correlation exists between sunshine hours and low cloudiness, and total cloud cover and water vapour pressure are the major factors responsible for decline in sunshine hours in Huanren area.
