云生毛茛ISSR-PCR体系优化与引物筛选

旨在建立稳定可靠的云生毛茛ISSR-PCR反应体系。采用正交试验设计方法,对影响云生毛茛ISSR-PCR扩增结果的Mg2+、d NTP、Taq DNA聚合酶、引物、模板DNA五个因素进行优化筛选,对反应程序进行优化,建立适用于云生毛茛的最佳反应体系和扩增程序,并对反应体系和扩增程序进行验证;在此基础上筛选多态性好的ISSR引物,采用梯度法筛选各个引物的最适退火温度。结果表明,云生毛茛20μL ISSR-PCR的最佳反应体系为:模板DNA 30 ng,Mg2+1.95 mmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶0.04U/μL,d NTP 0.150 mmol/L,引物0.5μmol/L;最佳反应程序为:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性20 s,49.6-60.6℃复性1 min,72℃延伸100 s,38个循环;72℃下延伸6 min。在优化的反应体系和反应程序条件下,从100条ISSR引物中筛选获得16条ISSR扩增引物,并确定了引物各自的最适退火温度。经过不同居群云生毛茛的验证,证明优化后体系扩增条带清晰且重复性好,可用于后续云生毛茛遗传多样性的研究。

云生与打牲乌拉地方志的纂修

清光绪朝,吉林地区方志的修纂进入了前所未有的蓬勃发展时期。打牲乌拉地区陆续修了两部志书,即《打牲乌拉志典全书》与《打牲乌拉地方乡土志》。打牲乌拉总管云生在修志过程中发挥很重要的作用。两本志书都是他在上级的要求下监修而成的打牲乌拉地区地方志材料,是吉林地区较早成书的一批方志文献,对研究打牲乌拉历史具有重要价值。

万物随网至,5G傍云生

5G时代是云和网相互融合的时代,5G加速云网融合,云网融合为5G赋予更多内涵,两者共生共长、互补互促。未来5G行业应用部署在边缘云是大势所趋,边缘云也将在5G时代释放无限能量。

云生足下

从前有个聪明的小孩叫丘琼山，从小跟着老师在一户官宦人家的私塾里读书。

Adaptability Comparison of Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus) Varieties for Double-rice Cropping System in Hunan

Five Chinese milk vetch（Astragalus sinicus） varieties were selected to make a comparison in order to screen effective varieties which could suit for the double-rice cropping system of Hunan Province. The results showed that the growth period of Xiangzi 2 is shorter than that of Xiangfei 2, Xiangfei 3 and Yujiangdaye,and is similar to that of Xinyang Chinese milk vetch. The full-bloom stage of Xiangzi 2 is also similar to Xinyang variety and obviously earlier than that of the other three varieties. The fresh grass yield of Xiangzi 2 in full-bloom stage is 23 842.5kg/hm^2, which increases by 39.9% compared with Xinyang variety. Nitrogen content in the fresh grass of Xiangzi 2 is higher than that of the other four varieties. In conclusion, Xiangzi 2 is an extremely early-blossoming and early-maturing Chinese milk vetch variety with moderate fresh grass yield, high nutrient contents, stable characters and wide adaptability. So, Xiangzi 2 is suitable for planting in double-rice cropping region in Hunan Province and other same latitude regions which have similar ecological conditions.

Suitability Assessment of Mononychellus tanajoa(Acari:Tetranychidae) in Yunnan Based on Maxent Model

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the potential geography distribution of M.tanajoa in Yunnan.[Method] The suitability of M.tanajoa in Yunnan was studied in this paper using Maxent and ArcGIS,based on the biological data and known distribution of M.tanajoa,and meteorological data from years of 1950-2000 in WorldClim.[Result] The results showed that there were four levels of suitability assessment of M.tanajoa in Yunnan,in which western and eastern areas are in the most suitability,including part areas of Simao,Lincang,Baoshan,Nujiang,Diqing,Qujing and Wenshan areas.[Conclusion] The potential geographic distribution of M.tanajoa in Yunnan defined in this paper constructed the theory basis and technical support for scientifically forming of quarantine policy and measure for M.tanajoa in China.

Morphology of Pyrocoelia pygidialis Pic (Coleoptera:Lampyridae) with Notes on Its Biology

Morphology of different development stages from egg, larva, pupa to adult （male and female） of the firefly, Pyrocoelia pygidialis Pic, was described in details. Some biological habits were noted according to the records of field collection and observation, with references to the rearing in the laboratory. With weakly luminous egg, larva, pupa and female adult, and much weaker luminous male adult only when disturbed, P pygidialis Pic is considered as a diurnal firefly, and chemical signal, instead of light signal, is possibly its dominant means of male-female recognition.

Occurrence Dynamics and Control Strategies of Major Pests and Diseases of Sugarcane in Yunnan

In recent years, the occurrence and harm of many kinds of pests and diseases have become increasingly serious in Yunnan sugarcane areas, which have greatly affected the sustained and stable development of sugarcane production, so the situation of their prevention and control has become rigorous. In order to scien- tifically and effectively prevent and control pests and diseases of sugarcane to en- sure the safety of sugarcane production, on the basis of an investigation and re- search, according to the present situation of sugarcane production in Yunnan, the occurrence dynamics of major pests and diseases of sugarcane were analyzed, and corresponding control strategies were proposed according to the major pests and diseases as well as their occurrence and damage characteristics.

Genetic Diversity of Gli-1,Gli-2 and Glu-1 Alleles Among Chinese Endemic Wheats

Genetic diversity at Gli_1, Gli_2 and Glu_1 loci was investigated in 32 accessions of Chinese endemic wheat by using acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (APAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)_PAGE. There were 8 gliadin and 3 high_molecular_weight (HMW)_glutenin patterns in 14 Yunnan hulled wheat ( Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanese King) accessions, 9 gliadin and 4 HMW_glutenin patterns in 9 Tibetan weedrace ( T. aestivum ssp. tibetanum Shao ) accessions, and 9 gliadin and 5 HMW_glutenin patterns in 9 Xinjiang rice wheat ( T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch.) accessions. One accession (i.e. Daomai 2) carried new subunits 2.1+10.1 encoded by Glu_D1. Among the three Chinese endemic wheat groups, a total of 10, 14 and 11 alleles at Gli_1 locus; 11, 14 and 12 alleles at Gli_2 locus; and 5, 6 and 8 alleles at Glu_1 locus were identified, respectively. Among Yunnan hulled wheat, Tibetan weedrace and Xinjiang rice wheat, the Nei's genetic variation indexes were 0.3798, 0.5625 and 0.5693, respectively. These results suggested that Tibetan weedrace and Xinjiang rice wheat had higher genetic diversity than Yunnan hulled wheat.

Isolation and Biological Determination of Bacillus thuringiensis with High Toxicity in Soil of Changbai Mountain Area

[Objective] This study was conducted to isolate and screen new Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） strains against Lepidoptera insecticides. [Method] Bt strains were isolated from soil of Changbai Mountain area by temperature screening method, and highly-toxic Bt stains were then selected by biological determination and toxicity de- termination. [Result] From 150 soil samples, 18 Bt isolates were isolated, with an average isolation rate of 12.0%. Specifically, the isolation rate from mountain field was 8.5 %, and the isolation rate from farmland was 16.2%. The results of activity determination showed that there were17, 5 and 4 strains showing lethality rate over 90% against Plutel/a xylosrel/a, Spodoptera litura and Spodptera exigua, respectively, and among them, strain YNI-1 exhibited high activity against all the 3 kinds of in- sects. The results of toxicity determination showed that strain YNl-lhad the best fast-acting property against S.litura and S. exigua; strains with high toxicity against S. exigua were YN6-2〉YN1-1〉YN4-2〉YN2-6 sequentially; and toxicity of strains against S. /itura was in order of YN4-4〉YN1-1 〉YN6-1 〉YN4-1 〉YN2-1. [Conclusion] According to activity determination and toxicity determination, strain YN1-1 was screened as the target strain with wide spectrum, fast-acting property and high toxi- city.

Geographic variation and genetic performance of Picea koraiensis in growth and wood characteristics

Eight provenances of 19-year-old Picea koraiensis Nakai from the provenancetrials of Maoershan (45°20′N, 127°30′E), Liang-shui (47°10′N, 128°53′E) and Jiagedaqi(50°24′N, 124°07′E) in Northeast China were investigated to analyze the genetic variation ingrowth characteristics (tree height and diameter) and wood characteristics (tracheid length,tracheid diameter, tracheid wall thickness, annual ring width as well as wood density). Greatvariation in height growth and breast height diameter growth was observed among the provenances, andalong with the increase of tree age, these provenances presented different geographic adaptability.The growth characteristics of Picea koraiensis stand at age of 10 in Maoershan and Liangshuiprovenance trials had a positive correlation with longitude, and with increase of tree age to 15 and19, the tree growth of the provenances displayed a significant positive correlation with latitudeas well as altitude. For wood characteristics, great variation was also found among the provenances.There exists a close relation between growth characteristics and wood properties of the provenance.The height and breast height diameter growth of the provenance had a positive correlation withtracheid diameter and annual ring width, and a negative correlation with tracheid wall thickness andwood density. Genetic performance of the provenance in all above characteristics was alsoinvestigated in order to provide more useful information for comprehensive selection of this speciesfor pulpwood and plywood production.

The role of botanical gardens in scientific research, conservation, and citizen science

Plant diversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, resulting in an associated decrease in ecosystem services. About a third of the world＇s vascular plant species face the threat of extinction due to a variety of devastating activities, including, over-harvesting and over exploitation, destructive agricul- tural and forestry practices, urbanization, environmental pollution, land-use changes, exotic invasive species, global climate change, and more. We therefore need to increase our efforts to develop integrative conservation approaches for plant species conservation. Botanical gardens devote their resources to the study and conservation of plants, as well as making the world＇s plant species diversity known to the public. These gardens also play a central role in meeting human needs and providing well-being. In this minireview, a framework for the integrated missions of botanical gardens, including scientific research, inJex situ conservation, plant resource utilization, and citizen science are cataloged. By reviewing the history of the development of Kunming Botanical Garden, we illustrate successful species conservation approaches （among others, projects involving Camellia, Rhododendron, Magnolia, Begonia, Alliurn, Ne- penthes, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and Plant Species with Extreme Small Populations）, as well as citizen science, and scientific research at Kunming Botanical Garden over the past 80 years. We emphasize that Kunming Botanical Garden focuses largely on the ex situ conservation of plants from Southwest China, especially those endangered, endemic, and economically important plant species native to the Yunnan Plateau and the southern Hengduan Mountains. We also discuss the future chal- lenges and responsibilities of botanical gardens in a changing world, including： the negative effects of outbreeding and/or inbreeding depression; promoting awareness, study, and conservation of plant species diversity; accelerating global access to information about plant diversity; increasing capacity building and training activities. We hope this minireview can promote understanding of the role of botanical gardens.

Niche partitioning between sympatric rhesus macaques and Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys at Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China

Here we provide a preliminary assessment of dietary and habitat requirements of two sympatric primate taxa, a ＂simple-stomached＂ and ＂complex-stomached＂ species （Rhinopithecus bieti Colobinae vs. Macaca mulatta Cercopithecinae）, as a basis for illuminating how the two coexist. Of ca. 22 plant food species consumed by the macaques, at least 16 were also eaten by the snub-nosed monkeys. Both species showed a preference for fruits. While the snub-nosed monkeys did not utilize any resources associated with human communities, rhesus macaques did occasionally raid agricultural crops. The mean elevation of the snub-nosed monkey group was 3,218 m, while the mean elevation of the macaque group was 2,995 m. Macaques were also spotted on meadows whereas snub-nosed monkeys evidently avoided these. For both species, mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forest was the most frequently used ecotype, but whereas evergreen broadleaf forest （Cyclobalanopsis community） accounted for only 3% of the location records of the snub-nosed monkeys, it accounted for 36% of the location records of the macaques. Groups of the two species usually kept a considerable spatial distance from one another （mean 2.4 km）. One close encounter and confrontation between groups of the two species resulted in the macaque group moving away. Our findings suggest that the coexistence of the two taxa is facilitated via differential macrohabitat use and spatial avoidance. Although divergent habitat-use strategies may reflect interspecific competition, they may also merely reflect different physiological or ecological requirements.

Alpine Ecosystems of Northwest Yunnan,China:an Initial Assessment for Conservation

Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process,especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the world that harbor many unique species that have not been well studied,such as the alpine zone of the Hengduan Mountains of Northwest Yunnan (NWY),a global biodiversity hotspot and site of The Nature Conservancy’s Yunnan Great Rivers Project. We conducted a quantitative,but rapid regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across NWY to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the alpine flora,the first large-scale analysis of alpine biodiversity patterns in this region. Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community types and link community patterns to habitat variables. Our analysis indicated that most species had small distributions and/or small population sizes. Strong patterns emerged with higher diversity in the more northern mountains,but beta diversity was high,averaging only 10% among sites. The ordinations indicated that elevation and geographic location were the dominant environ-mental gradients underlying the differences in the species composition among communities. The high beta diversity across the alpine of these mountains implies that conservation strategies ultimately will require the protection of large numbers of species over a large geographical area. However,prioritiza-tion should be given to areas where potential payoffs are greatest. Sites with high species richness also have a greater number of endemic species,and,by focusing efforts on these sites,conservation investments would be maximized by protecting the greatest number of unique species.

Effects of climate change on potential habitats of the cold temperate coniferous forest in Yunnan province, southwestern China

We built a classification tree （CT） model to estimate climatic factors controlling the cold temperate coniferous forest （CTCF） distributions in Yunnan province and to predict its potential habitats under the current and future climates, using seven climate change scenarios, projected over the years of 2070-2099. The accurate CT model on CTCFs showed that minimum temperature of coldest month （TMW） was the overwhelmingly potent factor among the six climate variables. The areas of TMW〈-4.05 were suitable habitats of CTCF, and the areas of -1.35 〈 TMW were non-habitats, where temperate conifer and broad-leaved mixed forests （TCBLFs） were distribute in lower elevation, bordering on the CTCF. Dominant species of Abies, Picea, and Larix in the CTCFs, are more tolerant to winter coldness than Tsuga and broad-leaved trees including deciduous broad-leaved Acer and Betula, evergreen broad- leaved Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus in TCBLFs. Winter coldness may actually limit the cool-side distributions of TCBLFs in the areas between -1.35℃ and -4.05℃, and the warm-side distributions of CTCFs may be controlled by competition to the species of TCBLFs. Under future climate scenarios, the vulnerable area, where current potential （suitable ＋ marginal） habitats （80,749 km^2） shift to non-habitats, was predicted to decrease to 55.91% （45,053 km^2） of the current area. Inferring from the current vegetation distribution pattern, TCBLFs will replace declining CTCFs. Vulnerable areas predicted by models are important in determining priority of ecosystem conservation.

Community participation mode of ecotourism in Tibetan area of Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province

Community participation is one of the focuses of the research on ecotourism. The research on community participative model is of great theoretical and practical significance. Based on the former experts’ studies, this paper analyzes ecotourism demonstration areas in Diqing Shangri-La of Yunnan as a case study. It mainly expounds the relationship between ecotourism and community participation and puts forward such a community participative model of ecotourism in Shangri-La.

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth of Gmelina arborea in arsenic-contaminated soil

Arsenic （As） in the soils of South-Eastern Bangladesh is not rely a threat for the health of millions of people but also a problem for plant growth due to its higher concentration in soil. Gmelina arborea Linn. is a promising fast growing tree species in Bangladesh which has dso a potential to be planted in arsenic contaminated areas. This study tssessed the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi on the growth of 7. arborea in arsenic amended soils at nursery stage. Before sowing ;eeds, soils were treated with four different concentrations （10 mg.kg^-1, 25 mg.kg^-1, 50 mg.kg^-1, and 100 mg.kg^-1） of Arsenic. Growth parameters length of shoot and root, collar diameter, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root） of the plant, and mycorrhizal root colonization and spore population in the rhizosphere soil of G. arborea were recorded. Mycorrhizal seedlings showed better growth than non-mycorrhizal eedlings. Myeorrhizal seedlings planted in soil with 10-mg.kg^-1 arsenic howed best performance in terms of growth, biomass and mycorrhizal ：olonization, compared to other treatments with higher concentration of Lrsenie. With increasing arsenic concentration, growth of seedlings, nycorrhizal infection rate and spore population, all decreased ignificantly （p〈0.05）. The mycorrhizal seedlings had as much as 40% higher increment in total growth and 2.4 times higher increment in biomass compared to non-mycorrhizal seedlings. The study clearly indicated that mycorrhizal inoculation could reduce the harmful effects of arsenic on the initial growth of G. arborea Linn. in degraded soil at nursery stage.

Numerical Simulation of Effects of Cloud Top Temperatures and Generating Cells on Secondary Ice Production in Stratiform Clouds with a Detailed Microphysical Model

This paper outlines a one-dimensional,heightdependent bin model with detailed microphysical processes in which ice splinters are produced by a riming process.The model is then applied to simulate the shift of particle size distribution effected by the secondary ice production process within clouds with different generating cells and cloud top temperatures.The result of model simulations reveals the general effects of cloud updrafts on increasing ice particle concentration by extending the residence time of ice particles in clouds and providing sufficiently large supercooled water droplets.The rimesplintering mechanism is more effective in clouds with lower ice seeding rates than those with higher rates.Evolutions of hydrometeor size distribution triggered by the rime-splintering mechanism indicate that the interaction between large ice particles and supercooled water drops adds a "second maximum" to the primary ice spectra.

Ecological Footprint Dynamics of Yunnan, China

A fundamental element of sustainable development is that humans live within nature's biological capacity. Quantifying this, however, remains a significant challenge for which there are many emerging tools. The concept of the Ecological Footprint is one such accounting tool for comprehensive assessment of the status of sustainable development, based on integration of resource consumption and land capacity, reflecting the human impact on the environment. A region's development is defined as unsustainable when the Ecological Footprint surpasses the biological capacity. In this paper, the Ecological Footprint concept was applied in assessing the development of Yunnan Province, China in a period between 1988 and 2006. The results showed that the Ecological Footprint per capita in Yunnan rose from 0.854 gha in 1988 to 2.11 gha in 2006. Ecological deficit, defined as when the human demand on the land surpasses the regions biological productive capacity, emerged in 1991 and quickly increased from 0.02 gha in 1991 to 1.05 gha in 2006. The increase in the ecological deficit is primarily a result of the rapid increase in population and consumption level. To achieve sustainable development in Yunnan, production and consumption rates need to be modified.

The List of Wild Mammals of Illegal Trade in China

This paper illustrates the illegal trade of wild animals in China from 1996 to 2014 by referring to previously reported references and data. There have been83 species（22 families, 8 orders） of wild mammals illegally traded and smuggled in China, mainly found in the southwest border, especially in Yunnan and Guangxi.Smuggling has seriously affected the ecological security of China, so it is necessary to intensify efforts to fight such crime, and enhance the people’s awareness of wildlife protection.