生防菌组合防控精品西瓜枯萎病的效果初探

【目的】筛选出对精品西瓜枯萎病具有防效的生防菌组合。【方法】将实验室筛选的5种生防菌株23(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)、25(Exiguobacterium acetylicum)、28(B.pumilus)、37(B.licheniformis)、156(B.cereus)分别进行复配获得31个组合,通过平板对峙试验和分隔平板研究生防菌及其菌源VOCs的平板抑菌效果,测定其对西瓜种子和幼苗生长的影响,以及通过盆栽试验测定其对西瓜枯萎病的效果。【结果】31个生防菌组合对西瓜枯萎病菌的平板颉颃具有显著差异,其中组合28(23+28+37+156)抑菌率达68.06%;组合13(28+37)的菌源VOCs抑菌率可达41.60%;各组合预处理的西瓜种子和幼苗出苗率与对照无显著差异,但随着组合的复配单菌数量增加,种子萌发率和子叶出土率呈现下降趋势;盆栽试验中,各组合对西瓜枯萎病的防治效果存在差异,其中组合22(25+28+37)的防治效果高达61.1%。【结论】生防菌组合对西瓜枯萎病菌的平板颉颃和盆栽防治效果存在差异,预测2个或3个单菌复配的效果可能最佳,且颉颃型组合更利于防病。

Analysis on Interaction between Genotype of Four Main Flavonoids of Barley Grain and Environment

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the interaction between genotype of flavonoids of barley grain and environment, to increase the flavonoid content of barley grain in cultivation and breeding. [Method] In this study, the content of cate- chin, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol of barley grain planted in Kunming, Qujing and Baoshan were determined by HPLC, and the genotype, environment, genotype- environment interaction of the flavonoid content of barley grain were analyzed. [Result] According to the experimental results, the genotype variance, environmental variance and G x E interaction variance of catechin and kaempferol contents show the same trend： genotype variation 〉 environmental variation 〉 G × E interaction variation, which all reach a extremely significant level; the genotype variance, envi- ronmental variance and G × E interaction variance of quercetin and total flavonoid contents show the same trend： genetype variation 〉 G × E interaction variation 〉 environmental variation, which all reach a extremely significant level; the genotype variance and environmental variance of myricetin content both reach a extremely sig- nificant level, while the G × E interaction variance reaches a significant level, showing an order of genotype variation 〉 environmental variation 〉 G × E interaction variation; the genotype variance, environmental variance and G x E interaction vari- ance of total flavonoid content show an order of genotype variation 〉 environmental variation 〉 G × E interaction variation. Among different barley varieties, Ziguang- mangluoerling and Kuanyingdamai in Qujing, Kunming and Baoshan have relatively high content of quercetin, while other barley varieties barely contain any quercetin. The grains of Ziguangmangluoerling and Kuanyingdamai are purple, while the grains of other barley varieties are yellow. [Conclusion] Four main flavonoids and the total flavonoids of barley grain are mainly under genetic control and affected by genetic- environment interactions; the purple barley grains contain high content of quercetin.

Elastic Behaviors of Adsorbed Protein-like Chains

Elastic behaviors of protein-like chains are investigated by Pruned-Enriched-Rosenbluth method and modified orientation-dependent monomer-monomer interactions model. The protein-like chain is pulled away from the attractive surface slowly with elastic force acting on it. Strong adsorption interaction and no adsorption interaction are both considered. We calculate the characteristic ratio and shape factor of protein-like chains in the process of elongation. The conformation change of the protein-like chain is well depicted. The shape of chain changes from “rod” to “sphere” at the beginning of elongation. Then, the shape changes from “sphere” to “rod”. In the end, the shape becomes a “sphere” as the chain leaves away from the surface. In the meantime, we discuss average Helmoholtz free energy per bond, average energy per bond, average adsorbed energy per bond, average α-helical energy per bond, average β-sheet energy per bond and average contact energy per bond. On the other hand, elastic force is also studied. It is found that elastic force has a long plateau during the tensile elongation when there exists adsorption interaction. This result is consistent with SMFS experiment of general polymers. Energy contribution to elastic force and contact energy contribution to elastic force are both discussed. These investigations can provide some insights into the elastic behaviors of adsorbed protein chains.

Effects of Temperature,Soil Moisture,Soil Type and Their Interactions on Soil Carbon Mineralization in Zoigê Alpine Wetland,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Wetland stores substantial amount of carbon and may contribute greatly to global climate change debate. However, few researches have focused on the effects of global climate change on carbon mineralization in Zoige alpine wetland, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is one of the most important peatlands in China. Through incubation experiment, this paper studied the effects of temperature, soil moisture, soil type （marsh soil and peat soil） and their interactions on CO2 and CH4 emission rates in Zoige alpine wetland. Results show that when the temperature rises from 5℃ to 35℃, CO2 emission rates increase by 3.3-3.7 times and 2.4-2.6 times under non-inundation treatment, and by 2.2-2.3 times and 4.1-4.3 times under inundation treatment in marsh soil and peat soil, respectively. Compared with non-inundation treatment, CO2 emission rates decrease by 6%-44%, 20%-60% in marsh soil and peat soil, respectively, under inundation treatment. CO2 emission rate is significantly affected by the combined effects of the temperature and soil type （p 〈 0.001）, and soil moisture and soil type （p 〈 0.001）, and CH4 emission rate was significantly affected by the interaction of the temperature and soil moisture （p 〈 0.001）. Q10 values for CO2 emission rate are higher at the range of 5 ℃-25℃ than 25 ℃-35℃, indicating that carbon mineralization is more sensitive at low temperature in Zoige alpine wetland.

LINKAGE BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND TWO TYPES OF El NI?O AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISMS

After compositing three representative ENSO indices,El Nio events have been divided into an eastern pattern(EP) and a central pattern(CP).By using EOF,correlation and composite analysis,the relationship and possible mechanisms between Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) and two types of El Nio were investigated.IOD events,originating from Indo-Pacific scale air-sea interaction,are composed of two modes,which are associated with EP and CP El Ni o respectively.The IOD mode related to EP El Nio events(named as IOD1) is strongest at the depth of 50 to 150 m along the equatorial Indian Ocean.Besides,it shows a quasi-symmetric distribution,stronger in the south of the Equator.The IOD mode associated with CP El Nio(named as IOD2) has strongest signal in tropical southern Indian Ocean surface.In terms of mechanisms,before EP El Nio peaks,anomalous Walker circulation produces strong anomalous easterlies in equatorial Indian Ocean,resulting in upwelling in the east,decreasing sea temperature there;a couple of anomalous anticyclones(stronger in the south) form off the Equator where warm water accumulates,and thus the IOD1 occurs.When CP El Nio develops,anomalous Walker circulation is weaker and shifts its center to the west,therefore anomalous easterlies in equatorial Indian Ocean is less strong.Besides,the anticyclone south of Sumatra strengthens,and the southerlies east of it bring cold water from higher latitudes and northerlies west of it bring warm water from lower latitudes to the 15° to 25°S zone.Meanwhile,there exists strong divergence in the east and convergence in the west part of tropical southern Indian Ocean,making sea temperature fall and rise separately.Therefore,IOD2 lies farther south.

Tokyo Playground： The Interplay Between Infrastructure and Collective Space

Tokyo Playground aims to investigate the leftover space produced when the infrastructure overlaps with the urban tissue and to highlight how these are metabolized, then transformed into meaningful public spaces. The ＂hybridization＂ of Tokyo is examined using three references as a starting point. First is the spatial typology of sakariba that transformed what were transitional zones into pleasure districts during the Edo period, creating what was arguably the most definitive type of collective space for citizens of Edo. The second reference is Roland Barthes＇ description of the infrastructuraI experience. Thirdly, the book Made in Tokyo illustrated the strong mutual dependence among infrastructure, architecture, and the city as a unique characteristic of Tokyo. Transit space can be reused on the human scale with different programs related to time for pleasurable activities. Tokyo Playground aims to capture the idea of emotional space within infrastructure. It aims to highlight some possible design strategies and tools that help to domesticate the infrastructure through the injection of pleasure and playful programs with an understanding of how humans experience, occupy, and interpret such spaces. Leftovers within the infrastructure are opportunities for social and ecological reuse and these precious voids contribute to creating the contemporary soul of the city as it becomes the source of vibrant energy for transcultural urban regeneration.

Behaviour of Humans and Behaviour of Models in Dynamic Space

This paper addresses new trends in quantitative geography research. Modern social science research--including economic and social geography--has in the past decades shown an increasing interest in micro-oriented behaviour of actors. This is inter alia clearly reflected in SIMs （spatial interaction models）, where discrete choice approaches have assumed a powerful position. This paper aims to provide in particular a concise review of micro-based research, with the aim to review the potential--but also the caveats---of micro models to map out human behaviour. In particular, attention will be devoted to interactive learning principles that shape individual decisions. Lessons from cognitive sciences will be put forward and illustrated, amongst others on the basis of computational neural networks or spatial econometric approaches. Particular attention will be paid to non-linear dynamic spatial models, amongst others, in the context of chaos theory and complexity science. The methodology of deductive reasoning under conditions of large data bases in studying human mobility will be questioned as well. In this context more extensive attention is given to ceteris paribus conditions and evolutionary thinking. The relevance of the paper will be illustrated by referring to various spatial applications in different disciplines and different application areas, e.g. in geography, regional science or urban economics.

Two types of the crust-mantle interaction in continental subduction zones

Plate subduction is an important mechanism for exchanging the mass and energy between the mantle and the crust,and the igneous rocks in subduction zones are the important carriers for studying the recycling of crustal materials and the crust-mantle interaction.This study presents a review of geochronology and geochemistry for postcollisional mafic igneous rocks from the Hong’an-Dabie-Sulu orogens and the southeastern edge of the North China Block.The available results indicate two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone,which are represented by two types of mafic igneous rocks with distinct geochemical compositions.The first type of rocks exhibit arc-like trace element distribution patterns(i.e.enrichment of LILE,LREE and Pb,but depletion of HFSE)and enriched radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions,whereas the second type of rocks show OIB-like trace element distribution patterns(i.e.enrichment of LILE and LREE,but no depletion of HFSE)and depleted radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions.Both of them have variable zircon O isotope compositions,which are different from those of the normal mantle zircon,and contain residual crustal zircons.These geochemical features indicate that the two types of mafic igneous rocks were originated from the different natures of mantle sources.The mantle source for the second type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying juvenile lithospheric mantle with felsic melts originated from previously subducted oceanic crust,whereas the mantle source for the first type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying ancient lithospheric mantle of the North China Block with felsic melts from subsequently subducted continental crust of the South China Block.Therefore,there exist two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone,and the postcollisional mafic igneous rocks provide petrological and geochemical records of the slab-mantle interactions in continental collision orogens.

Quantum discord of thermal states of a spin chain with Calogero-Moser type interaction

In this paper,we have investigated the effect of Calogero-Moser type interaction on the quantum discord of thermal states of a spin chain.Our results imply that the quantum discord depends on the relative distance between the spins,the external magnetic field,and the temperature.By a comparison between the quantum discord and the entanglement of formation,the quantum discord is more robust than the entanglement of formation in the sense that the latter takes a zero value in a large range of the parameters,while the former takes a nonzero value.

Pairwise interactions in gene expression determine a hierarchical transcriptional profile in the human brain

The orchestrated expression of thousands of genes gives rise to the complexity of the human brain.However,the structures governing these myriad gene-gene interactions remain unclear.By analyzing transcription data from more than 2000 sites in six human brains,we found that pairwise interactions between genes,without considering any higher-order interactions,are sufficient to predict the transcriptional pattern of the genome for individual brain regions and the transcriptional profile of the entire brain consisting of more than 200 areas.These findings suggest a quadratic complexity of transcriptional patterns in the human brain,which is much simpler than expected.In addition,using a pairwise interaction model,we revealed that the strength of gene-gene interactions in the human brain gives rise to the nearly maximal number of transcriptional clusters,which may account for the functional and structural richness of the brain.