土砂互层隧道塌方及演变规律的模型试验研究

塌方作为软弱地层隧道施工建设的一个重大安全风险,在层状地层隧道建设中尤其值得格外关注。隧道塌方的预防和管控得益于其表现及演变规律的全面掌控。以第四系土砂互层地层隧道为研究对象,通过相似模型试验并结合数字图像处理技术,首次研究得出土砂互层地层隧道塌方特征及演变规律。结果表明:(1)围岩破坏非瞬间破坏、而呈渐进性破坏,破坏始于拱脚处围岩裂隙发育并向上扩展、拱脚处围岩产生局部掉块,接着拱顶上方围岩小范围塌落,裂隙扩展和失稳塌落循序渐进,拱顶上方围岩大范围塌落,最终使得拱顶上方围岩不断离层破坏。(2)土砂互层地层隧道拱顶上方围岩破坏表现为"层内围岩剪切破坏,层间围岩离层弯曲破坏"的塌方特征,互层特性对塌方影响显著,跨厚比越大、砂土比越大,塌方破坏越显著。(3)塌方对拱顶上方围岩沉降主要影响范围为1倍隧道跨度,隧道施工建设中应加强上述范围内围岩加固。所得结果能够为土砂互层地层隧道施工建设过程中的塌方防控提供借鉴。

Acoustic-electrical properties and rock physics models for shale-oil formations:prediction of reservoir properties of interbedded sandstone and shale layers

In recent years,the Yanchang shale-oil formations of the Ordos Basin are rich in reserves with complex lithology and structure characteristics,low porosity and low permeability,and weak anomalies for oil and water discriminations,have been the key targets of unconventional oil/gas resource exploration and development in the relevant areas.The joint acoustic-electrical(AE)properties can be used to interpret reservoir lithology,mineralogy,pore structure,and fluid saturation.To conduct tests of thin section analysis,X-ray diff raction,and ultrasonic and electrical experiments at diff erent pressures and saturation degrees,cores from the shale-oil formations in the Q area of the basin are collected.The variations in AE properties with respect to clay content,porosity,pressure(microfracture),and saturation are analyzed.The experimental results indicate that the rock physics behaviors of sandstones with diff erent clay contents vary significantly.The AE properties of clean sandstones are basically dependent on the microfractures(pressure),while for muddy sandstones,the clay content is an important factor affecting the responses.The target reservoir consists of interbedded sandstone and shale layers.The AE equivalent medium equations and the Gurevich theory are applied to establish the joint models for the diff erent lithologies and simulate the variations in AE properties with respect to fluid type,pore structure,and mineral components.The three-dimensional joint templates of clean and muddy sandstones,as well as shale,are developed based on the elastic and electrical attributes and then calibrated using the experimental and well-log data.The reservoir properties are estimated with the templates and validated by the log data.The results indicate that the joint templates based on lithology characteristics can eff ectively characterize the properties of interbedded sandstone and shale layers.Furthermore,the combined application of AE data provides more beneficial information for the assessment of rock properties,leading to precise estimates that conform with the actual formation conditions.

Characteristics of on-chip dipole antenna using diamond for intra-chip wireless interconnect

In this paper,a 2-mm long on-chip dipole antenna pair on silicon substrate is simulated to investigate the transmission characteristics.A novel technique is proposed by employing a 0.35-mm thick diamond layer between silicon substrate and heat sink to improve antenna performance.The simulated transmission gain of this antenna pair with 1 mm separation on a 10-Ω cm silicon substrate increases by 9 dB at 20 GHz.A modified plane wave model involving diamond layer is also presented to explain gain improvement.Effects of dielectric variety,diamond thickness,substrate resistivity and antenna pair separation on transmission gain have been studied.The results indicate that thinner diamond layer along with high resistivity substrate is preferred.Our method makes integrated dipole antennas well suitable for intra-chip wireless interconnection which is known as a future solution to replace critical wiring interconnection.