清代中国嘉庆年间之东亚的朝贡国与互市国

作为传统的中华帝国,清政府一直保持着与东亚诸国的朝贡关系。但是嘉庆年间确立了新的朝贡体制,将之前的朝贡国家与之后开始贸易交往的国家区分开。东亚的朝鲜和琉球一直都是中国的朝贡国。由于日本施行闭关锁国政策,所以不是中国的朝贡国,但清朝嘉庆年间,日本被中国视作朝贡国中的贸易互市国加以对待。

从清修《四裔考》看乾隆时期清廷的世界秩序观

“四裔”是古代中国对周边族群或国家的笼统的称呼,在今天看来自然已不恰当,不过在历史的长河中,这一称呼体现出中原地区的族群看待周边族群时常有的以自我为地理中心和文明中心的态度。这种世界秩序观对史书纂修有重要影响。乾隆朝官修《清通考·四裔考》所记包括有朝贡义务的属国和西洋互市国两类,对属国的书写凸显出清方作为宗主国的优待,以图巩固臣属关系,同时将远西各国来华求互市也描述为“输诚称贡”。《四裔考》对这两类国家的书写共同体现出清廷对中原传统世界秩序观的坚持,这种态度延缓了清廷对当时日新月异的新世界及世界关系的真正了解。

Experience of foreign network economy development and Its Enlightenment to Shanghai

With the integration of various information technology, the Internet economy has gradually become the leading force to promote the development of the current global industrial revolution. Shanghai is one of the earliest areas of the Internet infrastructure construction in China, but also an important source ofChina＇s Internet economy. Today, the overall size of the Internet economy in Shanghai has been in the country, how to further enhance the international competitiveness of Shanghai＇s Internet economy has become one of the key tasks of Shanghai development. From the global perspective, this paper summarizes the development of foreign network economy, and then analyzes the development of network economy in developed countries and newly industrialized countries, and discusses the development experience, and summarizes the corresponding enlightenment of improving the competitiveness of the network economy in Shanghai.

Research on the application of the data mining technology in the electronic commerce network marketing

With the rapid development of China＇s reform and opening up and the socialist market economy, the development of Internet technology has promoted the prosperity of e-commerce, and further promoted the rapid development of China＇s economy. Data mining technology is an advanced science and technology, which has important implications for the e-commerce data processing. Through the summary of the data mining technology, this article puts forward the application of data mining technology in electronic commerce, in order to better promote the development of electronic commerce.

新史料与清前中期中俄关系再研究

当今世界以经济主导社会。然而在一个凸显政治道德的中国传统社会里,经济却永远处于为政治目的服务的次要地位。很不幸的是,迄今为止,大多数关于近代社会到来抑或到来前夕的中国对外关系方面的历史叙述,却忽略了上述事实。例如,清前中期阶段的中俄关系并非双方处于均势状态,在更多情况下,可以说由清朝在操纵。笔者借助重新查阅清官方典章资料和利用新近内部出版的资料集《故宫俄文史料》,重新阐明清朝立场下的中俄关系状态,以及清朝操纵中俄关系所要发展的方向。