系统功能视角下语法隐喻对航海英语名词化的互文作用

系统功能语言学着眼于语言的功能性,并确定了语法隐喻这一关键语言工具。语法隐喻对航海英语名词化产生互文作用,互文动态名词组在语法隐喻作用下通过词汇链接激活了远超出文本本身的信息。互文类型分为显性和隐性两种,显性互文动态名词组使文本与之前内容相结合,而隐性动态名词组则使文本具有语域和主题的背景知识。互文机制实现了航海学术文本的凝聚力。

《诗经》互文耙梳

互文是《诗经》中比较重要的语言现象。前人研究《诗经》的重点在诗旨的阐发和字词的训诂上,有关《诗经》互文为数不多的说解零星地散见于各书;今人给《诗经》作注,一般不提修辞手法。所以,把《诗经》互文的种类和作用梳理一番很有必要,因为这将有利于我们发现和理解该书诗句中的互文,也有利于我们准确把握原诗的意思。

Localization of Free Verse in China： A Case Study of Bing Xin＇s Short Poems

Intercultures play an important role in localization of translation. They are the essential reference resources for those who are translators as well as writers in their literary translation or creation. Translators contribute to the extension of source culture and in target culture by means ofintercultures to form new localized cultural paradigms. Bing Xin＇ s creation of the short free verse in the vernacular Chinese was influenced by Hu shih＇s new literature ideas and Zheng Zhenduo＇s translation of Stray Birds, a famous poetry anthology of Tagore. Through her translation, she borrowed new literary paradigms from foreign languages and successfully converted them into more acceptable ones in Chinese new literature. The paper, from the perspectives of Localization and Intercultures by Anthony Pym, explores the effects which Hu Shih and Zheng Zhenduo made upon Bing Xin＇s poetry translation and creation in the trend of poetry localization in the May Fourth Movement, and analyzes the interactions between Bing Xin＇s poetry creation and her poetry translation.

Geopoetical Analysis of Livonia During The Great Northern War Based on The Last Novik A Historical Novel by Ivan Lazhechnikov

The term geopoetics has a wide interpretation. It is defined as a project of the cultural activity aimed at creating and changing territorial myths and research path, which considers the interaction between literary creativity and geographical space. Defining this term, it is possible to introduce a geopoetical analysis diagram based on three interconnected positions： the writer＇s personality, the universe of an artwork and its characters. The Last Novik--A historical novel by Lazhechnikov analysis example presented on a diagram reveals the relationship between time and space in the literary work, as well as the author＇s interaction with the described events.

Literature Views on Second Language Acquisition The Ways of Incorporating Interaction and Participation

Most current theories of second language acquisition and current views on methods and approaches to teaching English as a second language place a high value on student participation and interaction in the language classroom. This interaction may be between teacher and student and/or student and student. Despite this, in many English classrooms around the world, students have very few opportunities to interact in the second language. In this paper, using the literature on second language acquisition research and methodology to prepare a case which highlights why teachers and course designers should find ways to incorporate second language interaction and student participation in their language classes despite the practical difficulties they may face.

Latent Challenges in the Human-Nature Relationship for Sustainable Design and Planning

In the global context, the relationship between human beings and nature has been discussed in various fields of study. This paper introduced three of the important challenges in this relationship, which have, thus far, been only partially or implicitly acknowledged in design and planning. The aim was to elucidate the key disregarded and neglected aspects in the human-nature relationship that need to be considered in different phases of the design and planning of future projects. This paper will thus inform the designers and planners about the previously overlooked but important challenges in the human-nature relationship, which must be moved to the foreground of the design and planning processes. These challenges include the definition of the term “nature”, the reciprocal effects among scales and adhering to or going beyond environmental sustainability. As the main conclusion, the paper shows how these challenges can improve the mutually supportive interaction between human beings and nature in the field of design and planning. Specifically speaking, the paper discussed how to convert the overlooked challenges in the human-nature relationship into potentials in the design and planning process. The main applied methods for this paper were a review of the related literature and the appropriate analysis.

I Celebrate Myself ＆ I Sing Myself： Romulus Bucur on Romulus Bucur＇s Ditties

The present paper, in spite of its quite scandalous title, is just a serious reflection, from the inside, on a certain part of the poetry of a contemporary Romanian poet （the author of the paper himself）, in the line of a tradition starting with Poe＇s Philosophy of Composition （1846）, passing through the avant-garde and ending, for the moment, in Andy Warhol＇s self-promotion. The analysis from the inside and the honest reflection of the interplay between poetry, music, and contemporary popular culture might lead to a better understanding of the poetry made at the end of the 20th century--beginning of the 21 st century. The corpus analyzed is a series of poems written between 1994 and the present day, under the generic title of ditty, published in several books （between which a bilingual pamphlet, Ditties/Cfntecelce）, 1998）, and the paper speaks about their genesis, their poetics, and hopes to help the process of their interpretation, as well as to bring a new interpretation of the poetry/music relationship

An Analysis of the Architectures in Hardy＇ s Tess of the d＇Urbervilles

Bom in a family whose last four generations shared master-mason tradition, architect used to be a natural career for Thomas Hardy. Although Hardy chose to devote to literature at last, he was never fully away from this field. The traces could be found in many of his literary works with many evidences, including his masterpiece, Tess of the d＇Urbervilles. This paper analyzes the meanings of the architectural elements employed in this novel, which are related to Hardy＇s own concern over church restoration movement in the Victorian Age, the arrangement of plot and the interaction with the characters.

Desirability of Knowledge Management in Civil Engineering Consulting Firms

KM （knowledge management） has in the recent past been promoted as a means of harnessing and utilising intellectual resources and to improve innovation, business performance and client satisfaction within the construction industry. However, there has been no attempt to ascertain the required level of KM within any given firm. The study reported in this paper aimed at establishing a general equation for assessing a firm’s required level of KM. Through literature review and a questionnaire survey, a total of 22 key indicators of KM were established. The interaction and effects of the key indicators against turnover and employee base were established, yielding an elliptic paraboloid fitted graph over which desirability could be calculated. It was observed that there is a continuous relationship among the firm’s turnover, employee base and the identified key indicators. In practice, firms have different combinations of the employee base and turnover. The derived equation fits well with the different combinations. Firms can, through the use of such equations, determine the level of effort and investment required to implement KM.

Embodied Cognition From the Perspective of Vygotsky’s Socio-cultural Theory

Embodied cognition is an approach to cognition that departs from traditional Descartes’ mind-body dualism for its emphasis on bodily interactions with the environment. The paper firstly describes three distinctive features of embodied cognition. Furthermore, from the perspective of philosophical methodology, the paper outlines Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory and his contributions to the development of cognitive science. Three basic themes of Vygotsky’s writings are specifically described： genetic forces as a foundation of the study of mind, social origin of higher mental functioning, and mediation of sign systems in inter-mental and intra-mental functioning. Against the background of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, we further discuss the interface between embodied cognition and Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory. It is claimed that bodily states and body-environment interactions are closely connected to sense-making. Embodied cognition should emphasize on the unity of body, mind, and cultural environment. Finally, the paper concludes with the influence of sociocultural theory on the study of embodied cognition.

Discretization Approach in Integrated Hydrologic Model for Surface and Groundwater Interaction

The commonly used discretization approaches for distributed hydrological models can be broadly categorized into four types,based on the nature of the discrete components:Regular Mesh,Triangular Irregular Networks(TINs),Representative Elementary Watershed(REWs) and Hydrologic Response Units(HRUs).In this paper,a new discretization approach for landforms that have similar hydrologic properties is developed and discussed here for the Integrated Hydrologic Model(IHM),a combining simulation of surface and groundwater processes,accounting for the interaction between the systems.The approach used in the IHM is to disaggregate basin parameters into discrete landforms that have similar hydrologic properties.These landforms may be impervious areas,related areas,areas with high or low clay or organic fractions,areas with significantly different depths-to-water-table,and areas with different types of land cover or different land uses.Incorporating discrete landforms within basins allows significant distributed parameter analysis,but requires an efficient computational structure.The IHM integration represents a new approach interpreting fluxes across the model interface and storages near the interface for transfer to the appropriate model component,accounting for the disparate discretization while rigidly maintaining mass conservation.The discretization approaches employed in IHM will provide some ideas and insights which are helpful to those researchers who have been working on the integrated models for surface-groundwater interaction.

The Chattering Charades of Nature and Nurture： State-of-the-Art in Nonverbal Communication and Its Relationship With Verbal Messages

Employing a qualitative view of issues in nonverbal communication, the author offers an explanation of the nature-nurture debate. The anthropological view, taken by Birdwhistell and others, is compared with a Darwinian perspective. In particular, the author looks at how physical appearance, space, and gestures function in a natural way to protect the individuals who are participating in the exchange. Apparent deceit is frequently the result of such interactions. While the traditional arguments arising from religious tenets are discussed, the author explains how the nature approach has been reinforced in the 20th and 21st centuries with DNA and neurological investigations. In the study of nonverbal communication, the arguments about nature and nurture began in the middle of the 20th century with anthropologists, especially Birdwhistell, taking the nurture stance and others taking the nature stance. Ekman＇s nature stance on kinesics started from premises suggested by Charles Darwin. In large measure, it is because of Ekman＇s extensive work that the ＂balance＂ has somewhat shifted toward a nature view.

A hybrid method for extraction of protein-protein interactions from literature

In this work, a hybrid method is proposed to eliminate the limitations of traditional protein-protein interactions （PPIs） extraction methods, such as pattern learning and machine learning. Each sentence from the biomedical literature containing a protein pair describes a PPI which is predicted by first learning syntax patterns typical of PPIs from training corpus and then using their presence as features, along with bag-of-word features in a maximum entropy model. Tested on the BioCreAtIve corpus, the PPIs extraction method, which achieved a precision rate of 64%, recall rate of 60%, improved the performance in terms of F1 value by 11% compared with the component pure pattern- based and bag-of-word methods. The results on this test set were also compared with other three extraction methods and found to improve the performance remarkably.

Cultural Disjunction in B. Mukherjee＇s Wife

After experiencing racism in Canada, where multiculturalism emphasized ethnic differences and fixed identities rather than allowing for cultural interaction and hybridity, the author, B. Mukherjee, moves to the USA whose biculturalism favors cultural interactions and fluid identities. Here she experiences the transformative powers of cultural interactions and frees herself and her work from the static power of cultural disjunction. Her personal experience highlights the need of immigrant characters to connect to the mainstream and not to be isolated from it The paper explores the problem of cultural adaptability and integration as experienced by Dimple, the main character in Mukherjee＇s novel Wife （1975）. Based upon contemporary research on cultural and social identity formation, the paper analyses Dimple＇s inner struggle of identity in the context of her immigrant status, and it relates her ultimately tragic response to loneliness and alienation resulting in cultural disjunction, non-adaptability, and non-assimilation.

Division and integration tendency of college students＇ political socialization

the political socialization of college students is the purpose of the individual to accept political culture in the historical, social, cultural and the specific interaction, formation of political attitude, the practice process of shaping the political people. Our country is in the period of social transition, this period of transformation of political, economic and cultural construction of the China different from traditional political culture atmosphere, in the impact of the global political factors, college students＇ political psychology, political attitude and political behavior has undergone a series of changes. These changes impact on the existing college students＇ political socialization outcomes, so that students show the political and social highlights issues in the process of social transformation. In this case,we should only study the college students＇ optimization approach of political socialization carefully, improve the level of Chinese college students＇ political socialization, to ensure China＇ s social transition in a stable order smoothly, develop socialist political requirements of qualified university students, so as to make the socialism prosperous.

The influence of agriculture in the process of population integration and cultural interaction during the Eastern Zhou Period in central-south, Inner Mongolia: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of human bones from the Dabaoshan cemetery, Helingee

Central-south Inner Mongolia, China, is highly sensitive to the cultural interactions between sedentary agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists during the Eastern Zhou Period(770–256 BC). The previous pattern of multiple cultures and diverse ethnic groups has been transformed to the increasingly dominated cultural system of Central Plain since the middle and late Warring States Period, when the states of Zhao and Qin have conquered the most parts of central-south Inner Mongolia.However, the variation of subsistence strategies during this historical process has never been evaluated. Particularly, as the typical representative of Central Plain cultures, the effect of intensive millet agriculture is still unknown in the process of population integration and culture interaction. Thus, to explore the shift of subsistence pattern, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from Dabaoshan site(410–180 BC) have been performed. The isotopic result indicates a large amount of C_4-based animal protein consumed by Dabaoshan humans. According to the archaeological backgrounds, we propose the Dabaoshan persons intensively relied on the millet agriculture and developed the agro-pastoral economy, which hinted the comprehensive influences from Central plain civilizations in late Warring States Period. Further compared with other published isotopic data in the same region during different periods, we suggest the millet agriculture has played the positive role in the process of population integration and culture fusion in central-south Inner Mongolia during the Eastern Zhou Period.

The nonlinear theory for sediment ripple dynamic process of straight river

There are various sand tipples in the natural world. The viewpoint of Yalin is that local disturbances result in laminar instability and in sand-tipple formation, namely, local disturbance^the instability of the laminar flow→the formation of sand ripples. Based on this viewpoint, a theoretical model of the resonant triad interaction and its nonlinear interaction with the sediment is established. The purpose of this model is to explain the formation and evolution of the sand-tipple and allow for analysis of the instability of open-channel flow caused by it and sand-tipple hydro-dynamic process. This model will not only pave a road to explore the mechanism of interaction between bed-form and turbulence, but also provide a good base for the study of aeolian sand-tipple formation.

Conceptual model about the interaction between El Nio/ Southern Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific

Interaction between the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorialPacific (QBOWP) and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is studied using a new conceptual model.In this conceptual model, the QBOWP effects on ENSO are achieved through two ways: (1) the oceanicKelvin wave along equatorial Pacific, and (2) the Atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly, while ENSOeffects on QBOWP can be accomplished by the atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly. Diagnosisanalysis of the model results shows that the Atmospheric bridge (Walker circulation) plays a moreimportant role in interaction between the ENSO and QBOWP than the oceanic bridge (oceanic Kelvinwave along equatorial Pacific); It is found that by the interaction of the ENSO and QBOWP, a freeENSO oscillation with 3-5 years period could be substituted by a oscillation with the quasi-biennialperiod, and the dominant period of SST anomaly and wind anomaly in the far west equatorial Pacifictends to be prolonged with enhanced ENSO forcing. Generally, the multi-period variability in thecoupled Atmosphere-Ocean System in the Tropical Pacific can be achieved through the interactionbetween ENSO and QBOWP.

Effects of binary interactions on the color evolution of M33

In this work, predictions of the spectral energy distribution from populations of single and binary stars are incorporated into a galactic chemical and color evolution model to explore the significance of the effects of the binary interactions on the color evolution of M33. We first constructed a model without binary interactions, and the model is able to reproduce most of the available observational constraints on the distribution of stellar parameters. We then run simulations with the same set of model parameters but with binary interactions considered. By comparing the results for the populations with and without binary interactions, we find that the inclusion of binary interactions makes the surface brightness greater (~0.1 mag arcsec 2) in FUV-band but smaller (~0.7 mag arcsec 2) in K-band, while it results in the FUV K color bluer (~0.8 mag). To reproduce the observations, a model that considers the binary interactions should make more gas fall onto the disk in the early time of the galaxy evolution, or increase the total stellar mass, or both.

What＇s in a Name？ Multiculturalism by the Name of Transculturalism May Smell as Bitter

The paper argues that a change of the name from multiculturalism to transculturalism will not work magic if the thinking paradigm that dictates trans- culturalism is still the same mindset that dictates multiculturalism, which is basi- cally swayed by postcolonialism, a victim mentality, or what Fanon termed as a colonized mind that conceives the world ahistorically in terms of a false binarism of the West and the non-West, ignoring entirely the complexities of power relations in intercultural and intracultural interactions, and disregarding the simple facts that, as the West is not a colonizing whole, the non-West is not a colonized monolith and that, as there are diversities between cultures in the West and the non-West, there are differences within the Western cultures, within the non-Western cultures, and within each culture. I discuss the failures of multiculturalism, critique the indiscriminate application of postcolonialism, and look into the problems and risks of conceiving power relations in cross-cultural interactions along the postcolonialist binary line, which has reduced the diversified world into the West and the non-West. The transculturalist hypothesis of World Englishes is used as a case in point. My conclusion is that transculturalism can only be meaningful if it adopts ＂a disposition of openness, liberated from the colonized mind or the postcolonialist identity politics.