Plant competition has been recognized as one of the most important factors influencing the soructure and function of lake ecosystems. Competition from plants of dissimilar growth form may have profound effects on shal...Plant competition has been recognized as one of the most important factors influencing the soructure and function of lake ecosystems. Competition from plants of dissimilar growth form may have profound effects on shallow lakes'. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of competitive interactions of submersed plants with dis- similar growth forms on the biomass allocations. Hydrilla verticitlata and Vallisneria natans were selected and were planted in a single-species monoculture and a mixed-species pattern, Results showed that the growth of E natans was' significantly affected by the tt, verticillata and caused a sharp reduction of biomass, but the root:shoot ratio of E ha- tans was not affected significantly and there was a minimal increase in mixture: while for H. verticillata, the biomass and the root:shoot ratio were not significantly changed by the competitive interactions ore natans, there was minimal increase of biomass and minimal decrease of the root:shoot ratio. These results may indicate that theplant which can develop a dense mat or canopy at the water surface would be a stronger competitor relative to the plant that depends more on light availability near the sediment.展开更多
Videogames feature non-player-characters. Such ingame entities are controlled by artificial intelligence that is sought to match the user's skill. Defining and understanding the given human-computer-interaction video...Videogames feature non-player-characters. Such ingame entities are controlled by artificial intelligence that is sought to match the user's skill. Defining and understanding the given human-computer-interaction videogame genres can be differentiated in either competitive matches or coherent plays. While artificial intelligence answers in responsive patterns only, natural intelligence holds creative qualities. A match is a game that creates suspense over the question of who is going to prevail. It can thus only be a game that features competing human players, since a computerized opponent is unaware of the game's significance. The nature of the match lies within the interactive trial. In a play, however, there is no battle but only cooperation. The aesthetics of such a play unfold to the audience, its purpose is showing rather than experiencing and/or competitively interacting. Artificial intelligence is then a surrogate that is often used in videogames to create an illusion of competition or battle. Its actual purpose is not to feature a worthy opponent, but to be a programmatic loser. In narrative and linear videogames, such as AI takes the role of a supporting actor whose function in the plot is, to signalize the player's dominance.展开更多
Interactions between two plant species can be infuenced by the presence of other plant species and such an effect may change as the diversity of the other species increases.To test these hypotheses,we frst constructed...Interactions between two plant species can be infuenced by the presence of other plant species and such an effect may change as the diversity of the other species increases.To test these hypotheses,we frst constructed aquatic communities consisting of 1,2 and 4 emergent plant species and then grew ramets of Lemna minor only,ramets of Spirodela polyrhiza only or ramets of both L.minor and S.polyrhiza within these aquatic communities.We also included controls with ramets of L.minor,S.polyrhiza or both but without any emergent plants.Biomass and number of ramets of L.minor and S.polyrhiza were signifcantly smaller with than without the emergent plants,but they did not differ among the three richness levels.The presence of S.polyrhiza did not signifcantly affect the growth of L.minor,and such an effect was not dependent on the richness of the emergent plant species.Without the emergent plant species,the presence of L.minor markedly reduced biomass(-92%)and number of ramets(-88%)of S.polyrhiza.However,such a competitive effect of L.minor on S.polyrhiza became much weaker in the presence of one emergent plant species(-46%biomass and-39%number of ramets)and completely disappeared in the presence of two or four emergent plant species.Therefore,both the presence and richness of emergent plant species can alter competitive interactions between the two duckweed species.These fndings highlight the importance of species diversity in regulating plant-plant interactions.展开更多
基金sponsored by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.20090461149)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. 0802029C)the Youth Science Foundation of JINAN Univeristy (Grant No. 51208026)
文摘Plant competition has been recognized as one of the most important factors influencing the soructure and function of lake ecosystems. Competition from plants of dissimilar growth form may have profound effects on shallow lakes'. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of competitive interactions of submersed plants with dis- similar growth forms on the biomass allocations. Hydrilla verticitlata and Vallisneria natans were selected and were planted in a single-species monoculture and a mixed-species pattern, Results showed that the growth of E natans was' significantly affected by the tt, verticillata and caused a sharp reduction of biomass, but the root:shoot ratio of E ha- tans was not affected significantly and there was a minimal increase in mixture: while for H. verticillata, the biomass and the root:shoot ratio were not significantly changed by the competitive interactions ore natans, there was minimal increase of biomass and minimal decrease of the root:shoot ratio. These results may indicate that theplant which can develop a dense mat or canopy at the water surface would be a stronger competitor relative to the plant that depends more on light availability near the sediment.
文摘Videogames feature non-player-characters. Such ingame entities are controlled by artificial intelligence that is sought to match the user's skill. Defining and understanding the given human-computer-interaction videogame genres can be differentiated in either competitive matches or coherent plays. While artificial intelligence answers in responsive patterns only, natural intelligence holds creative qualities. A match is a game that creates suspense over the question of who is going to prevail. It can thus only be a game that features competing human players, since a computerized opponent is unaware of the game's significance. The nature of the match lies within the interactive trial. In a play, however, there is no battle but only cooperation. The aesthetics of such a play unfold to the audience, its purpose is showing rather than experiencing and/or competitively interacting. Artificial intelligence is then a surrogate that is often used in videogames to create an illusion of competition or battle. Its actual purpose is not to feature a worthy opponent, but to be a programmatic loser. In narrative and linear videogames, such as AI takes the role of a supporting actor whose function in the plot is, to signalize the player's dominance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071527)。
文摘Interactions between two plant species can be infuenced by the presence of other plant species and such an effect may change as the diversity of the other species increases.To test these hypotheses,we frst constructed aquatic communities consisting of 1,2 and 4 emergent plant species and then grew ramets of Lemna minor only,ramets of Spirodela polyrhiza only or ramets of both L.minor and S.polyrhiza within these aquatic communities.We also included controls with ramets of L.minor,S.polyrhiza or both but without any emergent plants.Biomass and number of ramets of L.minor and S.polyrhiza were signifcantly smaller with than without the emergent plants,but they did not differ among the three richness levels.The presence of S.polyrhiza did not signifcantly affect the growth of L.minor,and such an effect was not dependent on the richness of the emergent plant species.Without the emergent plant species,the presence of L.minor markedly reduced biomass(-92%)and number of ramets(-88%)of S.polyrhiza.However,such a competitive effect of L.minor on S.polyrhiza became much weaker in the presence of one emergent plant species(-46%biomass and-39%number of ramets)and completely disappeared in the presence of two or four emergent plant species.Therefore,both the presence and richness of emergent plant species can alter competitive interactions between the two duckweed species.These fndings highlight the importance of species diversity in regulating plant-plant interactions.