互生花大米草引种利用研究初报

互生花大米草(Spartina alterniflora)是大米草(Spartina anglica)与平滑网茅(Spar-tina alterniflora)种间杂交,经染色体加倍,由美国育成的大米草多倍体新品种,在广东简称花米草。互生花大米草原分布在加拿大与美国的东海岸,由何清于1980年10月从美国佛罗里达州引进,在我省台山县汶村试种,至1991年发展到8000亩。

互叶醉鱼草化学成分研究

从互叶醉鱼草地上部分得到三个化合物。经化学及光谱方法测定结构为６－Ｏ－α－Ｌ－（２″－Ｏ－ｉｓｏｆｅｒｕｌｏｙｌ）ｒｈａｍｎｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌｃａｔａｌｐｏｌ，６－Ｏ－α－ｌ－（３″－Ｏ－ｉｓｏｆｅｒｕｌｏｙｌ）ｒｈａｍｎｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌｃａｔａｌｐｏｌ和ｍａｒｔｙｎｏｓｉｄｅ。这三种成分均为首次从该属植物中得到。

互叶指甲草属——中国石竹科一归化属

首次报道了互叶指甲草属CorrigiolaL .在我国的分布 ,确认互叶指甲草C .littoralisL .

The Community Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Associated with Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze Estuary, in China

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Spartina alterniflora zones in the Yangtze Estuary, in China, were investigated seasonally in 2005, and their structure and biodiversity were analyzed. Twenty-one species were identified, across four Classes; 10 species of Crustacea, five species of Polychaeta, five species of Gastropoda, and one species of Lamellibranchia. Dominant species included： Assiminea sp., Notomastus latericeus, Cerithidea largillierl, Gtauconome chinensi and Gammaridae sp. Functional groups were comprised of a phytophagous group and a detritivorous group. The average density of all benthic macroinvertebrates was 650.5 ±719.2 inds/m^2 in the survey area. The high value of the standard deviation of the average density was a result of abundant Assiminea sp. at Beihu tidal flats. The average density of macroinvertebrates from Beihu tidal flat, Chongming Dongtan to Jinshanwei tidal flat decreased gradually. There was significant difference between compositions and abundance of macroinvertebrates along the estuary gradient （P 〈 0.05）. The density and biodiversity were highest in summer and lowest in winter. The mean biomass of macroinvertebrates was 20.8 ± 6.1 g/m^2. Biomass changed seasonally in the same way as density, with the change in biomass being： summer （Aug.） 〉autumn （Oct.） 〉spring （Apr.） 〉 winter （Dec.）. A BIO-ENV analysis showed that the mean grain size of sediment, height of Spartina and salinity were the ma- jor factors which affected the structure of the macroinvertebrate community. Variations in the community structure were probably caused by the population dynamics of S. alterniflora along with the variation in sampling time and location.

Exploration and Innovation of Distant Hybridization Germplasm of Oryza sativa and Spartina alterniflora

[Objective] The aim was to explore salt-resistant Spartina alterniflora and high-yield rice with germplasm resource in order to create new salt-resistant rice species with dual-purpose of food and forage. [Method] From 2009 to 2011, re- searches on distant hybridization of Spartina alterniflora and Oryza Sativa have been conducted with method of distant hybridization breeding. On the other hand, break- through and combination techniques （four selected one） were adopted to find the new rice species, including techniques of planting and selection in seashore, cyto- logical detection and selection, phenotype selection of backcross, and molecular marker assisted selection. [Result] Success rate of distant hybridization from 2009 to 2010 was 1.39%. RAPD molecular identification of 7C14 and rice female parent of Zhongxiang No.l, seed 2 was carried on with distant hybridization of male parent of Spartina altemiflora （H）. The results showed that bands same with Spartina alterni- flora parents were found in RH-1-10K205-7C14xH, RH-2-8K157-7C14xH, and RH-13- 9H5-Zhongxaing No.1 xH. Considering absent situation in rice parents, distant hy- bridization strains above were found with same parental genetic element as Spartina alterniflora. Female parent of rice 7K339, however, was under RAPD molecular identification with male parent of Spartina alterniflora. The result showed that bands same with Spartina alterniflora parents were found in RH-5-10K215, RH-6-8K48, RH- 12-9H9, RH-14-9H8 and RH-16-9H28. Considering absent situation in rice parents, distant hybridization strains above were found with same parental genetic element as Spartina altemiflora. Rest hybrid strains were found variance with Spartina alterniflora parents and rice parents in varying degrees. [Conclusion] New and excellent rice species of dual-purpose solves problem not only about salt-resistant species badly needed in coastal development and treatment of saline and alkaline land, but about fine fodder and roughage for herbivore, as well. What＇s more, this is of scientific significance in recourse utilization, efficiency improvement in agriculture, food security, and cultivation strategy.

A Study of Fructification Quantitative Characteristics of Spartina alterniflora Lossel in Mangroves

[Objective] The countermeasure on the number of fructification of Spartina alterniflora in the period of sexual reproduction and the component of seed yielding construction was explored.[Method] The Spartina altemiflora in Mangroves conservation zone located at Hepu of Guangxi being taken as experimental material, its morphological and quantitative characteristics, as well as the weight of 100 full seeds at maturity stage in three different growth conditions（ clay, loam and sand） were studied. [ Results] The results showed that Spartina alterniflora had the best growth pattern in the loam. The morphological factors of fructification of S. altemiflora grown in sand were larger then in others. In the three growth conditions the order of quantitative characteristics of fructification of S. alterniflora was clay 〉 sand 〉 loam and the seeds in spikelet at top position were more maturity than those at the button position. [ Conclusion] In good condition, the Spartina altemiflora growth was vigor but the ratio of seed-setting was low.

Analysis on Genetic Structure of Spartina alterniflora Populations in China Based on EH277045-derived Sequence

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the genetic structure of eight populations of Spartina alterniflora in China at the nuclear DNA level.[Method] The EH277045-derived sequences were amplified from 75 samples in 8 populations and directly sequenced.Nucleotide diversity,haplotype diversity,the mean value of Nei＇s genetic distance,genetic differentiation index FST and other genetic parameters were calculated to estimate the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of S.alterniflora populations in China.[Result] 75 samples were divided into 25 haplotypes by 28 polymorphic sites.Relatively high nucleotide diversity（π=0.011） and haplotype diversity（Hd=0.794） were detected.The mean value of Nei＇s genetic distance and genetic differentiation index FST among eight populations were 0.056 and 0.222,respectively,the Nei＇s genetic distance ranged from 0.000 to 0.189 and FST ranged from 0.000 to 0.444 between each pair of the eight populations.AMOVA result revealed that 79% and 21% of the total genetic variation was partitioned within and among S.alterniflora populations,respectively.[Conclusion] At the nuclear DNA level,there were a relatively high level of genetic diversity and a relatively low level of genetic differentiation among S.alterniflora populations in China,and the genetic diversity existed mainly within rather than among populations.

复数的应用

复数是中学代数的重要组成部分,必须牢固掌握它的定义、性质、复数的运算法则及其几何表示法,才能灵活、熟练地解决有关问题。下面从几个主要方面谈谈复数的应用。

Responses of CH_4 Emissions to Nitrogen Addition and Spartina alterniflora Invasion in Minjiang River Estuary, Southeast of China

The nitrogen （N） input and Spartina alterniflora invasion in the tidal marsh of the southeast of China are increasingly serious. To evaluate CH4 emissions in the tidal marsh as affected by the N inputs and S. alterniflora invasion, we measured CH4 emissions from plots with vegetated S. alterniflora and native Cyperus malaccensis, and fertilized with exogenous N at the rate of 0 （NO）, 21 （N1） and 42 （N2） g N/（m2.yr）, respectively, in the Shanyutan marsh in the Minjiang River estuary, the southeast of China. The average CH4 fluxes during the experiment in the C. malaccensis and S. alterniflora plots without N addition were 3.67 mg CHa/（m2.h） and 7.79 mg CH4/（m2-h）, respectively, suggesting that the invasion of S. alterniflora into the Minjiang River estuary stimulated CH4 emission. Exogenous N had positive effects on CH4 fluxes both in native and in invaded tidal marsh. The mean CH4 fluxes of NI and N2 treat- ments increased by 31.05% and 123.50% in the C. malaccensis marsh, and 63.88% and 7.55% in the S. alterniflora marsh, respectively, compared to that of NO treatment. The CH4 fluxes in the two marshes were positively correlated with temperature and pH, and nega- tively correlated with electrical conductivity and redox potential （Eh） at different N addition treatments. While the relationships between CH4 fluxes and environmental variables （especially soil temperature, pH and Eh at different depths） tended to decrease with N additions. Significant temporal variability in CH4 fluxes were observed as the N was gradually added to the native and invaded marshes. In order to better assess the global climatic role of tidal marshes as affected by N addition, much more attention should be paid to the short-term temporal variability in CH4 emission.

An Innovative Strategy for Reciprocal Distant Hybridization between Spartina alterniflora and Rice

[Objective] This study aimed to explore germplasm resources of salt toler- ant Spartina alterniflora and high yield rice, and develop an innovative strategy for distant hybridization between S. altemiflora and rice. [Method] Crossing （rice ♀ ）： hot water emasculation and glume-cutting pollination method, heat emasculation and pollen-suction pollination method; reciprocal crossing （S. alterniflora ♀ glume-cutting emasculation and pollination method, continuous emasculation-pollination method, hot water emasculation and continuous emasculation-pollination method. [Result] In crossing groups （rice ♀ × S. alterniflora ♂ ）, compared with hot water emasculation and glume-cutting pollination treatment, the number of seed-bearing combinations, seed number per spike and seedling emergence rate in heat emasculation and pollen-suction pollination treatment were improved by 34.09%, 121.21% and 60.07%, respectively; hybridization efficiency was improved by 6-7 times. In reciprocal cross- ing groups （S. altemiflora ♀× rice ♂ ）, compared with glume-cutting emasculation and pollination treatment, the number of seed-bearing combinations and seed num- ber per spike in continuous emasculation-pollination treatment were improved by 3.14 and 4.21 times, respectively; seedling emergence rate was improved by 68.47%; hybridization efficiency was improved by 7-8 times. [Conclusion] Heat emas- culation and pollen-suction pollination method is suitable for hybridization between rice ♀× S. alterniflora ♂; continuous emasculation-pollination method is suitable for hybridization between S. alterniflora ♀× rice ♂.

Study on the removal of oil pollution from terrestrial sources in Beitang estuary wetland of Spartina alterniflora

With the rapid development of the petroleum industry and oil spill occurredfrequently in recent years, marine oil pollution is serious. Oil pollution from terrestrialsources is an important source of marine oil pollution. In China, oil pollution fromterrestrial sources accounted for more than 80% of the total marine pollutants. Wetlandhas great ecological and environmental value, and researches found that wetland hasthe function of purifying oil pollutants. Beitang Estuary in Tianjin Binhai New Area is amajor fishery port, and also the main sewage outfall. In recent years, with the increaseof oil pollution from terrestrial sources, water quality in Beitang River is deteriorating.The Beitang Estuary has a large area of natural Spartina alterniflora wetland, whichmay effectively remove oil pollution. Environmental investigation was carried out on thewharf, channel and coastal zone near Beitang Estuary. The results showed that theeutrophication in Beitang Estuary is serious, and the water quality is inferior to theworse than the fourth class of sea water quality. Inorganic nitrogen, active phosphateand petroleum hydrocarbons are the main pollutants. Reed, Spartina alterniflora andSeepweed were the dominant species in the Beitang Estuary, and petroleumhydrocarbons were detected in the three plants. It showed that the Beitang Estuary waspolluted by petroleum hydrocarbons, and the three kinds of plants have the ability toabsorb petroleum hydrocarbons. Survey results showed that, whether in the surfaceseawater or sediment, the oil content near the wharf was higher than the channel; thepetroleum hydrocarbon content in the channel was higher than the coastal zone. Theroots, stems and leaves of Spartina alterniflora can intercept oil pollution from terrestrialsources. In addition to absorbing petroleum hydrocarbons, Spartina alterniflora alsoprovides a good habitat for microorganisms,to accelerate microbial degradation ofpetroleum hydrocarbon. Spartina alterniflora wetland has the obvious effect forreducing terrigenous oil pollutants.

Intraclonal Resource Sharing and Functional Specialization of Ramets in Response to Resource Heterogeneity in Three Stoloniferous Herbs

Environments with reciprocal patchiness of resources, in which the availability of two resources such as light and soil nutrients are patchily distributed in horizontal space and negatively correlated in each patch, are common in many ecosystems. The strategies by which clonal plants adapt to this type of heterogeneous environment were examined in three stoloniferous herbs,Potentilla reptans L. var. sericophylla Franch., P. anserina L. and Halerpestes ruthenica (Jacq.) Qvcz., commonly inhabiting forest understories, grasslands and low saline meadows, respectively. As pairs of connected ramets were subjected to reciprocal patchiness of light and nutrients, stolon connection between the two ramets significantly enhanced biomass of both ramet growing in low light intensity but high soil nutrient condition (LH ramet) and ramet growing in high light intensity but low soil nutrient condition (HL ramet) as well as whole ramet pairs (consisting of LH ramets and HL ramets). Additionally, stolon connection greatly increased root/shoot ratio of LH ramet while significantly decreased that of HL ramet. The results indicate that a reciprocal transportation of resources between interconnected ramets and a functional specialization of ramets in uptake of abundant resources occurred. By resource sharing and functional specialization, clonal plants can efficiently acquire locally abundant resources and buffer the stress caused by reciprocal patchiness of resources.

Changing the Moisture Content of the Spartina and Miscanthus and Willow Shoots during Storage in Natural Conditions

The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of the distribution of energy plant moisture content along the height of their shoots and the dynamics of moisture during storage in natural conditions. The shoots of Spartina, Miscanthus and willow were used in the study. Entire shoots were cut into sections of 10 cm and for each set in monthly cycles for six months moisture content was evaluated. After a month＇s storage of freshly cut shoots the biggest decrease of content moisture in the shoots of Spartina and Miscanthus was recorded, by 31% and 22%, respectively, and the lowest in willow shoots （12%）. After sixth months of shoots storage the lowest moisture content （10%-12%） was reached in miscanthus. The most uneven moisture content along the height of shoots Spartina was characterized because on one third of the height from the bottom, the moisture content of shoots was 20%, and the top had moisture content in the range 5%-10%. Willow shoots were characterized by the smallest drop in moisture, and the final moisture content was about 23%, with the top part of moisture content of 10%-20%. The dynamics of moisture change during the six months of storage of grass shoots （Miscanthus and Spartina） in natural conditions under roofing was described by one power function regression, and willow by another one. Empirical models can be used to predict changes in moisture content of these plants in experiment conditions, since the coefficients of determination were 94.66% and 89.18%, respectively.

Carboxylesterases mediated herb-drug interactions:a systematic review

Esterases participate in the metabolism of^10%of the clinical drugs that contain ester or amide bonds,but the esterases mediated drug/herb-drug interactions(DDIs or HDIs)have not been reviewed in depth.Carboxylesterases(CEs),the most abundant esterases expressed in the metabolic organ of mammals,play a pivotal role in hydrolysis of a variety of endogenous and xenobiotic esters.In the human body,two predominant carboxylesterases including hCE1 and hCE2 have been identified and extensively studied over the past decade.These two enzymes have been found with hydrolytic activity towards a variety of endogenous esters and ester-containing drugs.Recent studies have demonstrated that strong inhibition on hCEs may slow down the hydrolysis of CEs substrates,which may affect their pharmacokinetic properties and thus trigger potential DDIs or HDIs.Over the past decade,many herbal extracts and herbal constitutes have been found with strong inhibitory effects against CEs,and their potential risks on herb-drug interactions(HDIs)have also attracted much attention.This review focused on recent progress in hCEs mediated herb-drug interactions.The roles of hCEs in drug metabolism,the inhibitory capacities and inhibition mechanism of a variety of herbal extract and herbal constitutes against hCEs have been well summarized.Furthermore,the challenges and future perspectives in this field are highlighted by the authors.All information and knowledge presented in this review will be very helpful for the pharmacologists to deeper understand the metabolic interactions between herbal constituents and hCEs,as well as for clinical clinicians to reasonable use herbal medicines for alleviating hCEs-associated drug toxicity or avoiding the occurrence of clinically relevant hCEs-mediated HDIs.

Theoretical Investigation on Interaction between Guanine and Luteolin

The interacting patterns of the luteolin and guanine have been investigated by using the density functional theory B3LYP method with 6-31＋G＊ basis set. Eighteen stable structures for the luteolin-guanine complexes have been found respectively. The results indicate that the complexes are mainly stabilized by the hydrogen bonding interactions. Meanwhile, both the number and strength of hydrogen bond play important roles in determining the stability of the complexes which can form two or more hydrogen bonds. Theories of atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital have also been utilized to investigate the hydrogen bonds involved in all the systems. The interaction energies of all the complexes which were corrected by basis set superposition error are 6.04-56.94 kJ/mol. The calculation results indicate that there are strong hydrogen bonding interactions in the luteolin-guanine complexes. We compared the interaction between luteolin and four bases of DNA, and found luteolin-thymine was the strongest and luteolin-adenine was the weakest. The interaction between luteolin and DNA bases are all stronger than luteolin-water.

Interactions Ticks, Hosts and Pastures： Case of the Girolando Dairy Cattle and the Artificial Pastures of Panicum maximum and Panicurn maximum var. C1

On the Kpinnou ranch in Benin, it was observed that the Girolando dairy cattle which graze Panieum maximum var. CI are more susceptible to infestation of ticks. The purpose of this study was to highlight the interactions between ticks and their bovine hosts and two types of artificial grazing pastures. Nineteen young Girolando dairy cattle were used during the big rainy season （March-June） 2009. All present ticks on the animals have been counted according to the body region. The bovine have been divided into two relatively homogeneous groups often and nine animals. The group I of 10 animals had been grazed on Panicum maximum whereas the group 2 of 9 animals had been grazed on Panicum maximum var. C 1. During the two months of grazing, a weekly monitoring of the evolution of the load in ticks has been achieved. Four genera of ticks were identified on the bovine Girolandos （Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus and Boophilus）. The Boophilus genus is the most abundant （P 〈 0.05）. The animals having grazed Panicum maximum var. C I are more infested than those that have been grazed Panicum maximum. A variation of the rate of infestation of the animals has been observed in relation to the different body areas. The colour of the coat also has an effect on the load in tick of the bovine. The bovine of dark coat are in general more infested （P 〈 0.05） than those of clear colour.

Effect of the Tang herb on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in rats

This study was carried out in the Wistar rats to investigate the effect of Tang herb on the pharmacokinetics of the antiretroviral drug lopinavir （LPV） following single oral administration. Rats were randomly divided into LPV group （36 mg/kg） and LPV combining with Tang herb group （LPV： 36 mg/kg, Tang herb： 864 mg/kg）. The blood concentrations of lopinavir at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 22 h after administration were determined by HPLC and the pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated. The results showed that Tang herb significantly increased the Cmax and A UC （P〈0.05） while slightly increased the t1/2z and Tmax of lopinavir （P〉0.05）. The present study suggests that Tang herb may delay the absorption, increase the time to reach the maximum concentration, and improve the bioavailability of LPV. Further evaluation of the possible interaction mechanism between Tang herb and LPV needs to be studied.

“OCAT表演”:《世界工厂》——作为一种社会研究和实践的剧场

生产流水线、女工的恶梦、雾霾、新工人的理想……这不是电影,而是11月21日晚上草台班2014年新戏《世界工厂》,在OCAT深圳馆演出时展现给观众的情景。《世界工厂》由赵川导演,立足于草台班近十年积累起的创作传统及相关剧场美学,通过讨论、调研、纪录和工作坊等方式集体创作而成。它从追问真相出发,容纳了多种面向的思考、碰撞和情感,形成的戏剧也因此不拘形式。他们将剧场,看成是对通向未来生活的期待。

Environment-ecosystem dynamic processes of Spartina alterniflora salt-marshes along the eastern China coastlines

Spartina alterniflora is ecologically important in its original habitat; however, it has caused controversy since it was introduction into China(now it has been spreading rapidly on the Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Fujian coasts). The purpose of the present contribution is, on the basis of an analysis and synthesis of existing data sets, to evaluate the environmental-ecological effects of S. alterniflora, and to identify the relevant scientific problems that require further research in the future. Investigations have shown that, by reducing the near-bed shear stress associated with tidal currents, S. alterniflora can enhance the settling flux of suspended sediment and deposition rate on the tidal flats over the region. Further, field survey and analysis indicate that the S. alterniflora salt-marsh has a high primary production and provides a new type of habitat for the native benthic fauna. Some macro-, meio- and micro-fauna that used to live in the native salt-marshes have adapted to the S. alterniflora salt-marsh, forming a new ecosystem. Under the influences of a number of background factors, such as latitude variations and the coastal type, the environmental-ecological changes induced by Spartine have regional differentiations. To the north of Hangzhou Bay, with a high position of the pre-Holocene stratum base, a large width of the tidal flats, and a gentle bed slope, only a small part of the intertidal zone is occupied by the S. alterniflora salt-marsh. Here, the S. alterniflora salt-marshes mainly play a positive role in coastal protection and ecosystem functioning. In contrary, to the South of Hangzhou Bay, The pre-Holocene deposits are situated in relatively deeo waters, and the width of the tidal flats formed within coastal embayments is relatively narrow. As such, the expansion of S. alterniflora has squeezed the living space of other intertidal organisms, thus has a negative ecological effect. Therefore, the regional differentiation of the Spartina effects should be sufficiently considered in coastal development and management. Furthermore, in order to predict the future evolution of the S. alterniflora wetlands over the region, in addition to in situ monitoring and measurements, an ecosystem dynamic model should be established, taking into account the coupling of the rerrestrial and marine environmental-ecological processes.

Recent advances in molecular basis for strigolactone action

Strigolactones （SLs） are a very special class of plant hormones, which act as endogenous signals to regulate shoot branching in plants, and also serve as rhizosphere signals to regulate interactions of host plants with heterologous organisms such as symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and parasitic weeds. In this short review, we give a brief description of novel discoveries in SL biosynthesis pathway, and mainly summarize the recent advances in SL perceotion and signal transduction.