Thoughts on Establishment of the Agricultural Products Quality and Safety(Standards) Cooperation Center in Asia-Pacific Region

The establishment of agricultural products quality and safety cooperation mechanism and the research demonstration center in the Asia-Pacific reg coordinating each other, is not only of great ening cooperation with countries in Asia-Pacific region and for agricultural production safety of those countries in Asia- Pacific region, but also very necessary for our country to build a responsible image in the quality and safety of agricultural products, protection of the benefit of agriculture-related enterprises, increasing exports, ensuring imported food safety and China＇s national food security, as Well as nice exploration of establishing the global agricultural＇ products quality and safety cooperation center.

Incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in the AsiaPacific region

Objective: To provide an overview of the incidence and mortality of female breast cancer for countries in the Asia-Pacific region.Methods: Statistical information about breast cancer was obtained from publicly available cancer registry and mortality databases(such as GLOBOCAN), and supplemented with data requested from individual cancer registries. Rates were directly age-standardised to the Segi World Standard population and trends were analysed using joinpoint models.Results: Breast cancer was the most common type of cancer among females in the region, accounting for 18% of all cases in 2012, and was the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths(9%). Although incidence rates remain much higher in New Zealand and Australia, rapid rises in recent years were observed in several Asian countries. Large increases in breast cancer mortality rates also occurred in many areas, particularly Malaysia and Thailand, in contrast to stabilising trends in Hong Kong and Singapore, while decreases have been recorded in Australia and New Zealand. Mortality trends tended to be more favourable for women aged under 50 compared to those who were 50 years or older. Conclusion: It is anticipated that incidence rates of breast cancer in developing countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region will continue to increase. Early detection and access to optimal treatment are the keys to reducing breast cancerrelated mortality, but cultural and economic obstacles persist. Consequently, the challenge is to customise breast cancer control initiatives to the particular needs of each country to ensure the best possible outcomes.

Industrial Structural Changes in Hong Kong,China under One Country,Two Systems Framework

Hong Kong has undergone substantial economic transformations and developed into a sophisticated busi- ness and financial center in the Asia-Pacific region, since the return of sovereignty to China as a Special Administrative Region under the One Country Two Systems （OCTS） in 1997. This paper discusses and analyzes the industrial struc- tural changes of Hong Kong in recent decades as well as its future challenges and opportunities, The data and finding reveal that even though Hong Kong will face fierce competition from the Mainland＇s cities as the rise of China, the important role as a bridge between China and the rest of the world wilt brace Hong Kong itself under the OCTS for developing into a service hub for business and trade in the Asia-Pacific region.

An Analysis of the Indian Modi Administration's Policy on the South China Sea Issue

Geographically, India is not a country in the region of the South China Sea, nor is it a country concerned in the issue on a geopolitical level or a US ally in the Asia-Pacific region. It has been very cautious to avoid taking sides in the South China Sea issue. However, since Modi took office in 2014, changes have taken place in the external environment that India faces, in maritime safety strategy, as well as in India's policies toward the US and China. India is becoming increasingly active in the issue of the South China Sea, voicing criticism and taking precautions against China. While India's policy on the South China Sea will not be completely the same as that of the United States and Japan, due to concerns for its own interests in the future, it is quite possible that India will take advantage of the issue of the South China Sea and will adopt more comprehensive ways to get involved in the issue.

An Ocean Reanalysis System for the Joining Area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean

An ocean reanalysis system for the joining area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean (AIPO) has been developed and is currently delivering reanalysis data sets for study on the air-sea interaction over AIPO and its climate variation over China in the inter-annual time scale.This system consists of a nested ocean model forced by atmospheric reanalysis,an ensemble-based multivariate ocean data assimilation system and various ocean observations.The following report describes the main components of the data assimilation system in detail.The system adopts an ensemble optimal interpolation scheme that uses a seasonal update from a free running model to estimate the background error covariance matrix.In view of the systematic biases in some observation systems,some treatments were performed on the observations before the assimilation.A coarse resolution reanalysis dataset from the system is preliminarily evaluated to demonstrate the performance of the system for the period 1992 to 2006 by comparing this dataset with other observations or reanalysis data.

Impact of El Nio on atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall in China： Role of the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone

This paper presents a review on the impact of El Nio on the interannual variability of atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall in China through the anomalous anticyclone over western North Pacific(WNPAC). It explains the formation mechanisms of the WNPAC and physical processes by which the WNPAC affects the rainfall in China. During the mature phase of El Nio, the convective cooling anomalies over western tropical Pacific caused by the weakened convections trigger up an atmospheric Rossby wave response, resulting in the generation of the WNPAC. The WNPAC can persist from the winter when the El Nio is in its peak to subsequent summer, which is maintained by multiple factors including the sustained presence of convective cooling anomalies and the local air-sea interaction over western tropical Pacific, and the persistence of sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) in tropical Indian and tropical North Atlantic. The WNPAC can influence the atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall in China not only simultaneously, but also in the subsequent summer after an El Nio year, leading to more rainfall over southern China. The current paper also points out that significant anomalies of atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall over southern China occur in El Nio winter but not in La Nio winter, suggesting that El Nio and La Nio have an asymmetric effect. Other issues, including the impact of El Nio diversity and its impact as well as the relations of the factors affecting the persistence of the WNPAC with summer rainfall anomalies in China, are also discussed. At the end of this paper some issues calling for further investigation are discussed.

Asia-Pacific Inclusive Cooperation and China＇s Strategic Choice

Since the US took the lead in the Trans-Pacific Partnership （TPP） negotiations, the Asia-Pacific region has witnessed a growing trend in the ＂highlevel＂ and ＂high-standard＂ regional cooperation. Based on a thorough analysis of the underlying causes of mechanism division, this paper argues that division may not necessarily lead to antagonism, and that favorable conditions have been created in the operation and interaction between TPP and ＂10 ＋ N.＂ It further proposes some possible and practical ways that China should follow to achieve better co- patibility and cooperation with other countries in the region, thus promoting com- mon development.

Nighttime electron density enhancements at middle and low latitudes in East Asia

Nighttime enhancements in ionospheric electron density at mid- and low-latitudes are investigated by using the critical frequency of the F2-1ayer （foF2） data measured from ionosonde stations at Okinawa （26.3°N, 127.8°E, Geomagnetic 15.3°N）, Yamagawa （31.2°N, 130.6°E, Geomagnetic 20.4°N）, Kokubunji （35.7°N, 139.5°E, Geomagnetic 25.5°N）, and Wakkanai （45.4°N, 141.7°E, Geomagnetic 35.4°N） in East Asia during several solar cycles. The results show that there are obvious seasonal and solar activity dependencies of the nighttime electron density enhancements. The enhancements are termed pre-midnight enhancement and post-midnight enhancement, according to the local time when the enhancement appeared. The former has a higher occurrence probability in summer months than in winter months. In contrast, the latter has a larger occurrence probability in winter months than in summer months. Moreover, the nighttime enhancements in electron density are more likely to occur at lower solar activity. These seasonal and solar activity variations of the nighttime enhancements in electron density can be explained in terms of the combined effects of downward plasma flux from the plasmasphere and the neutral winds.