美国当代画家罗伯特·亚伯尔

亚伯尔不无讽喻地说道:“在绘画上,尤其在较高级的艺术圈子里存在着多愁善感的恐怖。”

旧约中的预像

旧约是新约的前身、准备和预兆;因为按照圣保禄宗徒致希伯来书所说,旧约只是“未来美物的影子”,新约才是“事物的真相”(希:十·1)。尚且,圣保禄宗徒致哥罗森书更说:“这一切原是未来事物的阴影,至于实体乃是基督。”(哥:二·17) 所以,在旧约中许多的人物和事件,除了本身的历史性及字面的意义之外,尚有它们的象征性或其他的含义;即是说,天主藉着这些旧约时代的人物或事件,往往也预示新约时代的另一人物或另一事实。比如:

古圣先贤的信德

信德是所希望之事的担保,是未见之事的确证。因这信德,先人们都曾得了褒扬。因着信德,我们知道普世是藉着天主的话形成的,看得见的是由看不见的化成的。因着信德,亚伯尔向天主奉献了比加音更高贵的祭品;因这信德,亚伯尔被褒扬为义人,因为有天主为他的供品作证;因这信德,他虽死了,却仍发言。

A new species of extinct genus Lycopodites from Lower to Middle Jurassic sediments of Irkutsk coal basin (Eastern Siberia)

In Jurassic sediments of Siberia, remains of Lycopodites are rare in occurrence. They are represented by two species ： Lycopodites tenerrimus Heer, and L. （.9） trichiatus Pryn. This paper presents an emended diag- nosis of the species L.（.9） trichiatus Pryn., and the descriptions of two new species： Lycopodhes subulifolius sp. nov., and L. baikalensis sp. nov. from the Early-Middle Jurassic sediments of the Irkutsk coal basin, Eastern Siberia, Russia. As part of the research effort, it was found that the ecological preference of the new species was different： Lycopodites subulifolius sp. nov. grew in wet and open spaces, while Lycopodites baikalensis sp. nov. preferred to colonize young growth of bog forests.

Tree wave migration across an elevation gradient in the Altai Mountains,Siberia

The phenomenon of tree waves （hedges and ribbons） formation within the alpine ecotone in Altai Mountains and its response to observed air temperature increase was considered. At the upper limit of tree growth Siberian pine （Pinus sibirica） forms hedges on windward slopes and ribbons on the leeward ones. Hedges were formed by prevailing winds and oriented along winds direction. Ribbons were formed by snow blowing and accumulating on the leeward slope and perpendicular to the prevailing winds, as well as to the elevation gradient. Hedges were always linked with microtopography features, whereas ribbons were not. Trees are migrating upward by waves and new ribbons and hedges are forming at or near tree line, whereas at lower elevations ribbons and hedges are being transformed into dosed forests. Time series of high-resolution satellite scenes （from 1968 to 2OLO） indicated an upslope shift in the position ribbons averaged 155＋26 m （or 3-7 m yr^-1） and crown closure increased （about 35%-90%）. The hedges advance was limited by poor regeneration establishment and was negligible. Regeneration within the ribbon zone was approximately 2.5 times （5060 vs 2120 ha^-1） higher then within the hedges zone. During the last four decades, Siberian pine in both hedges and ribbons strongly increased its growth increment, and recent tree growth rate for 50 year-old trees was about twice higher than those recorded for similarly-aged trees at the beginning of the 20^th century. Hedges and ribbons are phenomena that are widespread within the southern and northern Siberian Mountains.

Literary Translation and Loanwords： A Study of English and Igbo Translations ofFranz Kafka＇s Brief an den Vater

Multilingualism and multiculturalism have become so characteristic of our times that it is hard to come by a literary work that is strictly monolingual. Languages in contact influence each other in various ways. One language could be more influential than the other as a result of linguistic and non-linguistic factors. A language that is documented and enjoys a more privileged political, economic, cultural, or religious position is likely to be more influential than another language that lacks these qualities. Languages in contact often borrow words from each other though a language that is considered to be more prestigious than another is more likely to be the donor language less prestigious one. Loanwords are therefore common among languages in contact. Intercultural literary communication is mostly effected through translation. Due to Africa＇s colonial experience, literary translation practice in Africa often involves European languages, Arabic, and indigenous African languages. In Nigeria, the languages that have played significant roles in literary translation include English, French, German, Arabic, and indigenous Nigerian languages. Franz Kafka＇s Brief an den Vater which was written in German has been translated into English as Letter to His Father by Ernest Kaiser and Eithne Wilkins and into Igbo as Soro Okwu m maobu Leta （Ndi） Nna by Felicia Ibemesi. This paper sets out to study loanwords in the English and Igbo translations from a target reader＇s perspective

Artemia cyst production in Russia

In Western Siberia(Russia) there are about 100 Artemia lakes with total area over 1 600 km 2.Geographically these lakes are located between 51°–56°N and 61°–82°E.In general these lakes are shallow(depth less than 1.5 m),small or medium size(0.1 to 10 km 2);they are chloride;their total salinity is from 40 to 250 g/L.The harvesting of cysts per year is only in 20–40 lakes.In Russia 550 tons of dry Artemia cysts(14%–18% of the world production) were harvested annually.This includes about 350 tons in the Altai region and 200 tons in other regions.During our regular 20-year study period the cyst harvest was:95 tons in Kurgan;65 tons in Omsk,20 tons in Novosibirsk,20 tons in Tyumen.Ways of increasing cyst harvest in Russia are considered in this article.During the last 30 years the harvest of cysts in Russia has increased from 7–20 to 500–600 tons.A significant influence of dryness of the year was found on productivity in selected lakes,but taken for all the lakes together,the relationship was not significant.The optimal salinity for productivity of cysts in the lakes was determined.Analysis of productivity of the lakes and the harvesting results showed that the stocks of cysts are underutilized by approximately 1.7 times.

Antibiotic Activity of the Essential Oil of Laurel （Laurus nobilis L,） on Eight Bacterial Strains

The recent studies unveil more and more therapeutic properties of the essential oil of Bay leaf （Laurus nobilis L.）. The aim of this study is to determine the chromatographic profile of the essential oil of Bay leaf cultivated under the climatic conditions of the Algerian East and to test its antibiotic activity, against 8 bacterial strains （Escherichia coil, Serratia sp., Proteus sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus D, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii）, by using different concentrations. The GC/MS analysis showed that the essential oil is rich in eucalyptol （35.31%）, [3 linalool （22.52%）, eugenol methyl ether （9.17%）, camphene （7.37%） and 3 carene （5.39%）. The antibiotic activity of the essential oil was determined by the diffusion on agar method. Measuring diameters of inhibition method of Vincent [1] indicated that bacterial strains which are very sensitive to even very diluted essential oil are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus D, Serratia sp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Acinetobacter baumanii exhibit less sensitivity and Proteus sp. is especially sensitive to the pure oil. Laurus nobilis L. is a Mediterranean endemic that presents an interesting antibacterial activity and its culture should be encouraged and expanded in Algeria.

Muhammad Dib and Algerian Resistance Literature

Modern Algerian literature, unique among Arab national literary traditions, features a cultural blend of Arabic, Berber and French influences. The literature reflects their love of Algerian culture and thought, and their revolt against French colonialism. The Algerian-born Arab author Muhammad Dib （1920-2003） wrote in French, mainly about the Algerian struggle for independence. Expelled in 1959 for supporting the Algerian revolution, he settled in Paris. Considered a pioneer of Algerian literature, he was the first Arab Algerian to write Western-style novels. His Algerian trilogy, La Grande Maison, L ＇lncendie, and Le Mktier ~ tisser, was published between 1952 and 1957. Though autobiographical, the books trace both rural and urban life in pre-revolutionary times. Dib＇s 1959 thematically driven novel Un Otd Africaine （An African Summer）, analyzed here, rather than depicting the Algerian revolution itself, describes its effect on the characters and their lives. Nevertheless, the novel, framed around a cross-section of Algerian society, reflects colonial government abuses and the common people＇s sacrifices for their dream of independence. Dib also depicts France＇s colonialist attitudes as a betrayal of the ideals of the French Revolution and claims to humanitarian values.