美国大学教育学院:教师教育大学化的亚制度问题研究

文章从教育学院多样化使命的形成、教育学院教授功能的分化、教育学院性质的变化以及教育学院当前发展中面临的困境等几个方面来分析美国大学化教师教育亚制度的变化。

我国师范大学教师教育“亚制度环境”的探讨

本文在对我国教师教育转型时期的形势进行分析的基础上,提出了作为我国教师教育主体的师范大学所面临的压力和机遇,重点探讨了在这种形势下,师范大学教师教育“亚制度环境”的形成和发展走向。

内分泌代谢病房优质护理活动中护理亚专业组长查房制度的应用效果观察

目的:对应用护理亚专业组长查房制度在内分泌代谢病房中开展优质护理活动的临床效果进行研究。方法将2010年7月~2011年7月我院内分泌代谢病房护理人员41例,定义为对照组;将2011年9月~2012年9月我院内分泌代谢病房护理人员41例,定义为研究组。对照组实施优质护理时未应用护理亚专业组长查房制度,研究组实施优质护理时应用护理亚专业组长查房制度。每组抽取100例患者调查护理服务满意度。结果研究组患者护理服务满意度明显高于对照组;护理人员在工作中出现不良事件的例数明显少于对照组;护理人员理论知识和操作技能考核成绩明显高于对照组。结论应用护理亚专业组长查房制度在内分泌代谢病房中开展优质护理活动的临床效果非常明显。

领导小组制度的建构、延续与变迁——以中央防治血吸虫病工作领导小组为个案

随着国家的理性化成长,领导小组逐渐演变为中国政治生活中一种显见的亚正式制度,在相关政府部门间架构起较为有效的协调沟通机制。然而,现实中也不乏对领导小组的诟病。本文将"领导小组制度"作为客观分析对象,以中央防治血吸虫病工作领导小组为个案,发掘制度建构、延续与变迁的动力,认为未来应以制度化和有效性的动态平衡为意旨来规范领导小组制度,使之既能符合国家法治化要求,又能发挥其灵活沟通的优势。

当代中国领导小组类型的扩展与现代国家成长

在当代中国政治生活中,领导小组作为一种议事协调机制长期存在于各级党政部门。通过其独特的组织和权力结构与相关政治主体之间的互动,领导小组不断延续发展,并逐渐生长为一种显见的亚正式制度,与中国现代国家的建构进程有着密切的逻辑关联。本文尝试对领导小组类型的演变进行梳理,并从中考察其与现代国家成长之间的内在关系。

Magnetic Helical Micro-and Nanorobots:Toward Their Biomedical Applications

Magnetic helical micro- and nanorobots can perform 3D navigation in various liquids with a sub- micrometer precision under low-strength rotating magnetic fields （〈 10 rer）. Since magnetic fields with low strengths are harmless to cells and tissues, magnetic helical micro/ nanorobots are promising tools for biomedical applications, such as minimally invasive surgery, cell manipulation and analysis, and targeted therapy. This review provides general information on magnetic helical micro/nanorobots, including their fabrication, motion control, and further functionalization for biomedical applications.

Institutionalization of Surveillance in Nigeria, a Benchmarking of the Brazilian Fiscal Responsibility Act

Nigeria ranks among the countries with the highest fiscal indiscipline in the globe regardless of the parameters used. The country has also a weak tax collection system which results in tax evasion, and there is insignificant revenue, thus making the state and the municipalities dependent on federal allocations. The current study objectifies to propose the enactment of the Fiscal Responsibility Act （FRA） for the Nigerian Public Administration based on the frameworks implemented in Brazil. As a glance, the basic arithmetic that guides the Act is spending must equal revenue. The study is anchored on the premise that the FRA brings innumerable benefits to the populace by stabilizing public spending and paving way for a consistent budgetary forecast and its compliance thereby contributing to uphold transparency. Methodologically wise, the study adopts a case study approach and also used the interpretative style in order to strive on the action needed, which tends to be interventionist. Upon analysis of the secondary documents at our disposal, we conclude that control tools such as the SIAFEM system which is the backbone of FRA will be an essential artifact to institutionalize surveillance and also assist the Nigerian government in curtailing spending and also orientate accountability at all levels be it federal, state or municipal.

Formation Mechanism for the Anomalous Anticyclonic Circulation over Northeast Asia and the Japan Sea in Boreal Winter 1997/98 and the Spring of 1998

A robust anomalous anticyclonic circulation (AAC) was observed over Northeast Asia and the Japan Sea in boreal win-ter 1997/98 and over the Japan Sea in spring 1998. The formation mechanism is investigated. On the background of the vertically sheared winter monsoonal flow, anomalous rainfall in the tropical Indo-Western Pacific warm pool excited a wave train towards East Asia in the upper troposphere during boreal winter of 1997/98. The AAC over Northeast Asia and the Japan Sea is part of the wave train of equivalent barotropic structure. The AAC over the Japan Sea persisted from winter to spring and even intensified in spring 1998. The diagnostic calculations show that the vorticity and temperature fluxes by synoptic eddies are an important mechanism for the AAC over the Japan Sea in spring 1998.

Characterization of clarithromycin resistance in Malaysian isolates of Helicobacter pylori

AIM： To characterize the types of mutations present in the 23S rRNA genes of Malaysian isolates of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori （H pylorl~. METHODS： Clarithromycin susceptibility of H pylori isolates was determined by E test. Analyses for point mutations in the domain V of 23S rRNA genes in clarithromycin-resistant and -sensitive strains were performed by sequence analysis of amplified polymerase chain reaction products. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed using Bsa I and MboI enzymes to detect restriction sites that correspond to the mutations in the clarithromycin- resistant strains. RESULTS： Of 187 isolates from 120 patients, four were resistant to clarithromycin, while 183 were sensitive. The MIC of the resistant strains ranged from 1.5 to 24 pg/mL. Two isolates had an A2142G mutation and another two had A2143G mutations. A T2182C mutation was detected in two out of four clarithromycin-resistant isolates and in 13 of 14 clarithromycin-sensitive isolates. Restriction enzyme analyses with Bsa I and Mbo I were able to detect the mutations. CONCLUSION： Clarithromycin resistance is an uncommon occurrence among Malaysian isolates of Hpylori strains and the mutations A2142G and A2143G detected were associated with low-level resistance.

Preparation of iminodiacetic acid salts from iminodiacetonitrile with additives assisted in subcritical water

Here, the employment of subcritical water as an environmentally benign media has shown a certain potential for the hydrolysis ofiminodiaeetonitrile （IDAN）. Additives （such as NH3.H2O, （NH4）2CO3, K2CO3） were selected to investigate the reactivity ofiminodiacetonitrile in the solutions of these species in the subcritical region for the possibility of preparing iminodiacetic acid （IDA） salts. A series of reactions were performed in a high temperature and pressure batch reactor with temperature ranging from 200 to 260 ℃, time ranging from 4 to 10 min, pressure ranging from 5 to 25 MPa and varying concentration of additives to consider the influence of these parameters on the yield of IDA salts. Reactivity of IDAN was not illustrated with the conversion but with respect to the yield of resultant IDA salts. The results demonstrate that hydrolysis reactivity of IDAN under the examined conditions has shown a remarkable sensitivity to the pH of the system at initial point of the reaction stage, and temperature effect is also obvious. Based on the results, possible reaction pathway and mechanism were proposed.

Estonian Taxation System and Innovation

The economic crisis of the last three years, which has hit the world, especially the Baltic States together with their ultraliberal way of economy, has forced to look for solutions to overcome the depression. A low level of taxation, the policy of＂thin state policy＂ and a small share of public sector have influenced the macroeconomics of Estonia since its re-independence. The indirect taxes, especially the consumption taxes, are dominating in Estonian taxation system. The increase of tax burden a little more than 2% in 2009 through the increase of value added tax （VAT） and excises, and the pruning of income taxation benefits did not enlarge state budget in the same amount. The pruning of budget did not just decrease the internal market of the state very rapidly, but also decrease the incomes of the future periods, due to a big dominant of consumption taxes. The economic depression, which began in 2008, has demonstrated a week orientation of Estonian economy, threaten its taxation system on innovation. The amount of investments has essentially decreased than the decrease of GDP and state budget.

The Wisdom of the Many and Fichte＇s ＂We＂

In order to consider the Wisdom of the Many, one has to reconsider Aristotle＇s statement about the source of a nation-state concerning political ＂gregarism＂--how it is called today, and why this belongs to the essentials of political constitution. Beforehand, this concept should not provide an instance of theoretical indulgence for emotional concepts or alike. Then, this statement will have to be confronted with the core argument of the Wisdom of the Many, together with the interpretation of Waldron. It will be interpreted as the counterpart of gregarism： When several people find together a solution, which eventually overrules that of the （few） expert（s）, they rely upon a common focus or an instance of polar consciousness. This includes the final question if the shared consciousness-or the polarity condition-is not able to also dominate and manifest within a group of experts, of those sufficiently erudite. As a token of possible evidence, the answer is given with Fichte, his lecture of the Science of Knowledge of 1804 by reason of the succinct reliance upon the plural ＂We.＂

The Accounting Profession： A Descriptive Study of the Common and Code Law Countries

The accounting profession does not have a long history. It is mainly evolved in the last 150 years in the modem sense. Many factors influence the development of accounting and there are many reasons why countries have developed different accounting systems. Among these factors, the relationship between the legal system and the accounting profession is considered worthy of examination. For this purpose, the accounting professions of selected countries are studied. This study clearly demonstrates that the accounting profession in a country has been significantly affected by the judicial system of that country. In addition, the accounting and auditing environment is divided into two separate professions in the code law countries, whereas in the common law countries the profession is mainly organized under one title. However, because of historical or cultural influences, exceptions do exist in countries like Japan, Bulgaria, and Greece.

Brazilin Content, Antioxidative and Lipase Inhibition Effects of Sappanwood （Caesa/pinia Sappan） from Indonesia

Determination of brazilin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography （HPLC） method and measurement of the antioxidative and lipase inhibition effects in the Caesalpinia sappan wood from various locations in Indonesia is described in this paper. Brazilin was separated from sample matrix using a reversed phase C 18, Shim-pack VP column with the mobile phase in a gradient elution for45 min from 5% to 100% methanol in 0.05% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid. Brazilin in ethanolic extracts ofC. sappan wood was in the range of 5.81 to 24.85 mg/g on dry-weight basis. Antioxidant and lipase inhibition activities expressed by IC50 values from all samples were in the range from 6.60 to 11.53 μg/mL and 50.76 to 203.21 μg/mL, respectively. Antioxidative and lipase inhibition potency of all ethanolic extracts were compared to vitamin C and chloramphenicol, isopropyl methylphenol and tetracyclin, respectively.

A STUDY OF THE WINTER-WINTER RECURRENCE MECHANISM OF THE TEMPERATURES IN NORTHERN EAST ASIA

In this study, the winter-summer-winter seasonal variation characteristics of the atmospheric temperature in northern East Asia(NEA) during the past 60 years are analyzed. The results revealed a type of new seasonal variation mechanism of temperature: winter-winter recurrence(WWR). This study initially discussed the formation mechanism of WWR from the angle of the relationship between the WWR and the atmospheric internal factors and external forcing.The main conclusions are summarized as follows:(1) The winter-summer-winter continuous variation of the AO anomaly index has consistent characteristics with the atmospheric variation of the WWR in the NEA, and their 60-year correlation coefficient reaches 0.43, passing the 95% significance level. It is indicated that the seasonal anomaly of the AO has a certain influence on the WWR;(2) Overall, the PDO maintains a negative phase in the negative WWR years,while it displays the opposite feature in the positive WWR years. The negative(positive) anomaly of PDO is favourable to the occurrence of sustainable low(high) temperatures in the NEA, and may be the important external driving factor for motivating the WWR in the NEA;(3) The binary regression, based on the PDO and AO indexes successfully reproduces the curve of T_(WWR-HG), which is significantly correlated with the WWR index TWWR, and can reproduce the time-height profile of the WWR characteristics from 400 to 1,000 hPa. Therefore, it is concluded that the WWR of the atmospheric temperatures in the NEA is the result of the combined action of the PDO and AO.

A Philosophical Appraisal of John Rawls＇ Difference Principle in the Context of the Quota System of Nigeria

The concept of justice is a complex phenomenon which has been subjected to various legal, social, and philosophical interpretations. In other words, for the concept to make meaning to analysts and various intellectual communities, it has to undergo a process of concept conceptualization and operationalisation. It is therefore this lack of univocal definition of justice that one can philosophically assert that there is no theory of justice but theories of justice. The purpose of this article is not to delve into the various analyses of theories, meanings, definitions, and/or explanations of justice but to examine John Rawls＇ Difference Principle of justice in the context of the Nigerian Quota System. In order to make this writing less nebulous and less ambiguous and more explicit and clear, I shall examine the definitions of the concepts of both justice and Quota System. In addition, evaluation of the philosophical and theoretical assumptions of the Rawls＇ theory and the Quota System will be made with a view to revealing their applicability and relevance in our real economic socio-political system （in Nigeria）.

Solubilities of 2-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid Monohydrate and Sodium 2-Naphthalenesulfonate in Sulfuric Acid Solution and Their Application for Preparing Sodium 2-Naphthalenesulfonate

The solubilities of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate in sulfuric acid solutions were measured at temperatures ranging from 278,15 to 338.15 K by using a dynamic method. The concentration of sulfuric acid solution ranged from 0 to 80wt%. The solubilities of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate increased with temperature, and both of them were the lowest at 70wt% of sulfuric acid solution （ w3 0 = 0.70） while the highest in pure water. The solubility data were correlated by the modified Apelblat equation. Based on the solubility difference between 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate and sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate, a new technique in which sodium sulfate was used to replace sodium sulfite in the neutralization reaction was developed. The suitable mole ratio of H20 to Na2SO4 in the neutralization reaction was 80 ： 1, and that of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid monohydrate to Na2SO4 was 3.2 ： 1. The material balance under the suitable mole ratios was given and discussed.

The Perception of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises （SMEs） on the Importance of a Proper Accounting System： Malaysian Evidence

This paper examines the relationship between small- and medium-sized enterprises＇ （SMEs） entrepreneurs＇ perceptions towards a proper accounting system with the level of accounting staff recruited, preparation of final accounts, meetings with accounting staff, and entrepreneurs＇ ranking of accounting according to their priority. The methodology used to gather the data is survey questionnaire. It has been distributed to SMEs based on simple random sampling method. Three hundred businesses were selected from the total of 3,390 businesses listed in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia area obtained from Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation （SMIDEC） website and a few random selected from Ampang and Cheras areas. Regression analysis has been used to analyze the data. The results of the study reveal that there was a significant relation between SMEs entrepreneurs＇ perceptions on the importance of a good accounting system and the level of professional accounting staff recruited. Furthermore, findings of this study also found that there was an insignificant relationship between SMEs entrepreneurs＇ perceptions on the importance of a good accounting system and preparation of final accounts of the company and frequency of meetings with accounting staff.

Malaysia as the Crossing Point for Illicit Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons {：SALW） to Indonesia： Issues and Challenges

Indonesia, as the largest archipelagic state in the world, shares maritimeborders with many countries including Malaysia in the Straits of Malacca, the South China Sea and the Celebes Sea. Because of its geopolitical location these borders are very porous and, as a consequence, are highly difficult to monitor and control, making it vulnerable spots for illegal activities such as arms smuggling. This paper aims to examine the challenges faced by Indonesia and Malaysia in dealing with the main security border issues. The paper then concludes that Malaysia has become the main route for small arms illicit trafficking from other Southeast Asian countries to Indonesia＇s conflict areas. Indonesia and Malaysia face an enormous challenge, particularly in view of the recent happenings in conflict zones and the increasingly need to secure their common borders.

Dynamic Optimization of a 2-DOF Pseudo-Equatorial Tracking System

The key word for the design process of the photovoltaic tracking systems is the energetic efficiency. Using the tracking system, the photovoltaic panel follows the sun and increases the collected energy, but the driving motors consume a part of this energy. In these terms, the optimization of the tracking systems became an important challenge in the modem research and technology. In this paper, a strategy for the dynamic optimization of the photovoltaic tracking systems is presented. The main task in optimization is to maximize the energetic gain by increasing the incoming solar radiation and minimizing the energy consumption for tracking. This strategy is possible by developing the virtual prototype of the tracking system, which is a control loop composed by the multi-body mechanical model connected with the dynamic model of the actuators and with the controller model. In this way, it is possible to optimize the tracking mechanism, choose the appropriate actuators, and design the optimal controller.