松嫩平原湖泊类型组合的区域分异

松嫩平原湖泊群是我国温带亚湿润地区的一个低平原湖泊群，根据湖泊分布的连续性，湖泊群的环境特征及湖泊主导类型与类型组合的区域分异，将松嫩平原湖泊群划分为６个亚区，并对各亚区的湖泊特征做了论述．

Features of Salt－Affected Soils and Salinization Hazard in East Asia and Its Neighboring Regions

Asia is the largest distribution area of salt-affected soils in the world. Very few countries in Asia couldescape from hazard of salinization. This paper deals with various salt-affected soils spreading in East Asiaand its neighboring regions (including China, Japan, Kampuchea, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,Republic of Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Burma, Thailand and Vietnam). Principles of occurrence of salinization,and features of salt-affected soils in these regions have been studied in the present paper. Based on studieson types, features and distribution patterns of salt-affected soils, a salt-affected soil map of East Asia andits neighboring regions has been complied. Mechanism and manifestation of the salinization hazard on theregional agriculture and ecological environment, measures of preventing salinization hazard and exploitingsalt-affected soils in these regions are also discussed.

Symbiotic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Rhizobia Nodulaing Cowpea （Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp） Grown in Arid Region of Libya （Fezzan）

Symbiotic and phenotypic characteristics of thirty rhiobial isolates obtained from root nodules of two cowpea （Vigna unguiculata L. Walp） cultivars that grown in different sites of Fezzan （Southern part of Libya） were studied. Cultural characteristics and cross-nodulation with Arachis hypogega and Faidherbia albida showed that they were slow-growing rhizobia. Each isolate was found to coexist with non-symbiotic bacteria similar in their cultural characteristics to fast-growing rhizobia. All isolates formed symbiosis with the test plants, but different in their nitrogen-fixation efficiency. Numerical analysis of phenotypic characteristics showed that at boundary level of 70% average similarity, the isolates formed four distinguished groups and two isolates remained separate. Most isolates exhibited wide tolerance to acidity, alkalinity and extreme temperatures. They also resistant to some heavy metals such as mercury, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and aluminum at low concentrations and antibiotics like polymyxin, colistin, bacitracin and nalidixic acid. Isolates displayed different response to salinity ranging from sensitive, which unable to grow in 1% NaCI to resistant and grow at 2% NaCl or above. Urea was hydrolyzed by most of them and carbohydrates utilizations were different. Sucrose and maltose were metabolized by most of the test isolates, whereas, monosaccharide and sugar alcohols were poorly utilized.

FURTHER RESEARCH ON MECHANISM OF TBO IN SOUTH ASIAN MONSOON REGION

The results of this study prove that there is significant troposphere biennial oscillation(TBO) in the South Asian climate, especially with the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. In order to explore the mechanism of TBO in the South Asian region, we defined a unified South Asian monsoon index to depict South Asian summer monsoon(SASM) and South Asian winter monsoon(SAWM) and the transition features between SASM and SAWM. Through further analysis, the connection between the abnormity of SASM and SAWM was discovered. Normally, a strong SAWM is beneficial for a weak SASM later, while a weak SAWM favors a strong SASM. Meanwhile, a strong SASM is favorable for a weak SAWM and a weak SAWM always happens after a weak SASM. Such results suggest the evolution of the South Asian monsoon, which may be an important mechanism to excite TBO in South Asia.

Assessing Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Water Storage Changes in the Mountainous Areas of Central Asia Based on GRACE

The mountainous areas of Central Asia provide substantial water resources, and studying change in water storage and the impacts of precipitation and snow cover in the mountain ranges of Central Asia is of the greatest importance for understanding regional water shortages and the main factors. Data from the GRACE （Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment） satellites, precipitation prod- ucts and snow-covered area data were used to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of water storage changes and the effects of precipitation and snow cover from April 2002 to December 2013. The results were computed for each mountain ranges, and the follow- ing conclusions were drawn. The water storage in the mountainous areas of Central Asia as a whole increases in summer and winter, whereas it decreases in autumn. The water storage is affected by precipitation to some extent and some areas exhibit hysteresis. The area of positive water storage changes moves from west to east over the course of the year. The water storage declined during the period 2002-2004. It then returned to a higher level in 2005-2006 and featured lower levels in 2007-009 Subsequently, the water storage increased gradually from 2010 to 2013. The Eastern Tianshan Mountains and Western Tianshan Mountain subzones examined in this study display similar tendencies, and the trends observed in the Karakorum Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains are also similar. However, the Eastern Tianshan Mountains and Western Tianshan Mountains were influenced by precipitation to a greater degree than the latter two ranges. The water storage in Qilian Mountains showed a pronounced increasing trend, and this range is the most strongly affected by precipitation. Based on an analysis of all investigated subzones, precipitation has the greatest influence on total water storage relative to the snow covered area in some areas of Central Asia. The results obtained from this study will be of value for scientists stud- ying the mechanisms that influence changes in water storage in Central Asia.

Climate as the Early Warning of Outbreaks of Leptospirosis in the District of Sampang Madura Island Indonesia

In Indonesia, most transmission of leptospirosis occurs through the rat under conditions of high rainfall or flooding. Sampang is endemic leptospirosis, during March-May 2013, there were 55 patients with 8 of them died. The purpose of this study was to analyze risk factors for outbreaks leptospirosis by climatic factors. Study is cross-sectional design of variable causes or risks that occur due to the object of research are measured simultaneously. The results showed that the distribution of events is based on epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in districts Sampang both rainy and dry season. Analysis of climatic factors show support to the continuation of leptospirosis whose temperatures ranged from 29.35 ~C-30.62 ~C, humidity range between 63.4%-80.5%. Rainfall ranges from 183-190 ram. Incidence of leptospirosis in Sampang shows the distribution of leptospirosis cases from 18 subdistricts, 14 subdistriets are at risk of the occurrence of leptospirosis. Results obtained rat trapping species caught in the neighborhood residential home patients were mice （Rattus tanezumi and Rattus novergicus） and the identification of the leptospira in rat urine sewers rat positive standing of the potential risk of leptospirosis in the community. The conclusions are climatic conditions, rainfall remarkable effecting on the incidence of leptospirosis.