In order to evaluate the phylogenetic position and validity of Rana altaica,we investigated the phylogeny of brown frogs in Eurasia by Bayesian Inference and Maximum Parsimony analyses of a fragment from the mitochond...In order to evaluate the phylogenetic position and validity of Rana altaica,we investigated the phylogeny of brown frogs in Eurasia by Bayesian Inference and Maximum Parsimony analyses of a fragment from the mitochondrial DNA gene Cytochrome b.Both analyses resolved R.altaica as nesting deeply within R.arvalis.Most samples of the nominal R.altaica from the Altai region and specimens from Central Siberia shared a haplotype with R.arvalis based on the network analysis.The matrilineal relationships suggested that R.altaica should be considered as a junior synonym of R.arvalis.Furthermore,our study suggested that the species group division of Chinese brown frogs should be re-evaluated within a phylogenetic context.展开更多
By using small function method, the following result is obtained. If f（z） is transcendental meromorphic and that ψ（z） is non-zero meromorphic and that T（r,ψ） = S（r, f）, then（n＋1）T（r,f）≤N^-（r,1/f＇f^n...By using small function method, the following result is obtained. If f（z） is transcendental meromorphic and that ψ（z） is non-zero meromorphic and that T（r,ψ） = S（r, f）, then（n＋1）T（r,f）≤N^-（r,1/f＇f^n-ψ）＋2N^-（r,1/f）＋N^-（r,f）＋S（r,f）.展开更多
Toadies cities are accumulating the global population in their territories, occurring formally and informally. The increase of urban informality is the most significant trend shaping the 21st century world. Furthermor...Toadies cities are accumulating the global population in their territories, occurring formally and informally. The increase of urban informality is the most significant trend shaping the 21st century world. Furthermore, the urban informality ＂theory＂ should be considered in urbanization courses and development studies. With the rapid economic market development, changes mapped the major Syrian cities. Damascus is in the midst of a profound transformation of architectural and planning changes. Damascus urbanization is crowded simultaneously with informal settlements. In consequence, a detonation of urban sprawl placing random districts and informal settlements around the city （elmokhalafat ＆ elmanatiq elashwaiya） Damascus urban informality is a way of supplying shelters and houses as a fundamental human need. The study hereby high-lights the informal phenomenon and its effects on the city at present through analytical study showing solutions and asking questions, and, finally, deals with informality in an urbanized way with self-help constructs and upgrades to aid the low income and urban poor.展开更多
Moso bamboo expansions into Japanese cedar forests are common.The expansion effects on soil nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions have not been thoroughly understood,and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain unclear.We ...Moso bamboo expansions into Japanese cedar forests are common.The expansion effects on soil nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions have not been thoroughly understood,and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain unclear.We studied bacterial and fungal contribution to soil N_(2)O emissions under moso bamboo or Japanese cedar by applying bacterial or fungal inhibitors using streptomycin and iprodione,respectively.Soil N_(2)O emissions were measured and the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to soil N_(2)O emissions was calculated.N_(2)O emission from soil with moso bamboo was significantly higher than under Japanese cedar.Compared with control,bacterial or fungal inhibitor or their combination decreased N_(2)O emissions,indicating substantial contribution of microbial activities to N_(2)O emissions.However,the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to N_(2)O emissions was not affected by plants.Soil organic carbon,total and ammonium nitrogen were lower in soil under moso bamboo than Japanese cedar,suggesting faster microbial decomposition under moso bamboo.Fungal inhibitor and plants interactively affected soil pH,total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen,while bacterial inhibitor and plants interactively affected total nitrogen,indicating substantial dependence of effects by microbial communities on plant species.Moso bamboo and Japanese cedar differed in their effects on soil N_(2)O emissions with higher emissions under moso bamboo.Stimulation of N_(2)O emission under moso bamboo might occur due to higher nitrogen mineralization and subsequent denitrification induced by high root exudation.These results highlight the need to consider the effect of species shifts on N_(2)O emissions in forests.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(30700065)the Program for Fostering Young Talents of Kunming Institute of Zoology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(0706571141)~~
文摘In order to evaluate the phylogenetic position and validity of Rana altaica,we investigated the phylogeny of brown frogs in Eurasia by Bayesian Inference and Maximum Parsimony analyses of a fragment from the mitochondrial DNA gene Cytochrome b.Both analyses resolved R.altaica as nesting deeply within R.arvalis.Most samples of the nominal R.altaica from the Altai region and specimens from Central Siberia shared a haplotype with R.arvalis based on the network analysis.The matrilineal relationships suggested that R.altaica should be considered as a junior synonym of R.arvalis.Furthermore,our study suggested that the species group division of Chinese brown frogs should be re-evaluated within a phylogenetic context.
基金Supported by the Nature Science foundation of Henan Province(0211050200)
文摘By using small function method, the following result is obtained. If f（z） is transcendental meromorphic and that ψ（z） is non-zero meromorphic and that T（r,ψ） = S（r, f）, then（n＋1）T（r,f）≤N^-（r,1/f＇f^n-ψ）＋2N^-（r,1/f）＋N^-（r,f）＋S（r,f）.
文摘Toadies cities are accumulating the global population in their territories, occurring formally and informally. The increase of urban informality is the most significant trend shaping the 21st century world. Furthermore, the urban informality ＂theory＂ should be considered in urbanization courses and development studies. With the rapid economic market development, changes mapped the major Syrian cities. Damascus is in the midst of a profound transformation of architectural and planning changes. Damascus urbanization is crowded simultaneously with informal settlements. In consequence, a detonation of urban sprawl placing random districts and informal settlements around the city （elmokhalafat ＆ elmanatiq elashwaiya） Damascus urban informality is a way of supplying shelters and houses as a fundamental human need. The study hereby high-lights the informal phenomenon and its effects on the city at present through analytical study showing solutions and asking questions, and, finally, deals with informality in an urbanized way with self-help constructs and upgrades to aid the low income and urban poor.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770749)Research Funding of Lushan National Forest Ecosystem Research Station(9022206523).
文摘Moso bamboo expansions into Japanese cedar forests are common.The expansion effects on soil nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions have not been thoroughly understood,and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain unclear.We studied bacterial and fungal contribution to soil N_(2)O emissions under moso bamboo or Japanese cedar by applying bacterial or fungal inhibitors using streptomycin and iprodione,respectively.Soil N_(2)O emissions were measured and the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to soil N_(2)O emissions was calculated.N_(2)O emission from soil with moso bamboo was significantly higher than under Japanese cedar.Compared with control,bacterial or fungal inhibitor or their combination decreased N_(2)O emissions,indicating substantial contribution of microbial activities to N_(2)O emissions.However,the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to N_(2)O emissions was not affected by plants.Soil organic carbon,total and ammonium nitrogen were lower in soil under moso bamboo than Japanese cedar,suggesting faster microbial decomposition under moso bamboo.Fungal inhibitor and plants interactively affected soil pH,total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen,while bacterial inhibitor and plants interactively affected total nitrogen,indicating substantial dependence of effects by microbial communities on plant species.Moso bamboo and Japanese cedar differed in their effects on soil N_(2)O emissions with higher emissions under moso bamboo.Stimulation of N_(2)O emission under moso bamboo might occur due to higher nitrogen mineralization and subsequent denitrification induced by high root exudation.These results highlight the need to consider the effect of species shifts on N_(2)O emissions in forests.
