A new dinosaur tracksite was discovered in a steeply inclined sandstone layer of the Middle Jurassic Sanjianfang Formation in the Shanshan area of the Turpan Basin. The site is the first record of dinosaur footprints ...A new dinosaur tracksite was discovered in a steeply inclined sandstone layer of the Middle Jurassic Sanjianfang Formation in the Shanshan area of the Turpan Basin. The site is the first record of dinosaur footprints from Xinjiang Province in northwestern China. More than 150 tridactyl theropod dinosaur footprints are preserved as positive hyporeliefs on the lower bedding plane of a fine-grained sandstone body. Most of the footprints are isolated and appear to be randomly distributed. Some show well defined phalangeal pads, heels and rarely indistinct impressions of the distal part of the metatarsus. Two distinct morphotypes are present: a larger type with relatively broad pads shows similarities to Changpeipus and Megalosauripus, and a slightly smaller, slender and gracile type which is similar to Grallator, Eubrontes and Anchisauripus. In both morphotypes, digit III is the longest with a length between 11.4 and 33.6 cm. A single imprint shows prominent scratches, probably formed during slipping of the track maker.展开更多
AIM:To survey glutathione(GSH) S-transferase(GST) isoforms in mitochondria and to reveal the isoforms' biological significance in diabetic mice.METHODS:The presence of GSTs in mouse liver mitochondria was systemat...AIM:To survey glutathione(GSH) S-transferase(GST) isoforms in mitochondria and to reveal the isoforms' biological significance in diabetic mice.METHODS:The presence of GSTs in mouse liver mitochondria was systematically screened by two proteomic approaches,namely,GSH affinity chromatography/two dimensional electrophoresis(2DE/MALDI TOF/TOF MS) and SDS-PAGE/LC ESI MS/MS.The proteomic results were further confirmed by Western blotting using monoclonal antibodies against GSTs.To evaluate the liver mitochondrial GSTs quantitatively,calibration curves were generated by the loading amounts of individual recombinant GST protein vs the relative intensities elicited from the Western blotting.An extensive comparison of the liver mitochondrial GSTs was conducted between normal and db/db diabetic mice.Student's t test was adopted for the estimation of regression and significant difference.RESULTS:Using GSH affinity/2DE/MALDI TOF/TOF MS,three GSTs,namely,alpha3,mu1 and pi1,were identified;whereas five GSTs,alpha3,mu1,pi1,kappa1 and zeta1,were detected in mouse liver mitochondria using SDS-PAGE/LC ESI MS/MS,of these GSTs,GST kappa1 was reported as a specific mitochondrial GST.The R 2 values of regression ranged between values of about 0.86 and 0.98,which were acceptable for the quantification.Based on the measurement of the GST abundances in liver mitochondria of normal and diabetic mice,the four GSTs,alpha3,kappa1,mu1 and zeta1,were found to be almost comparable between the two sets of animals,whereas,lower GST pi1 was detected in the diabetic mice compared with normal ones,the signal of Western blotting in control and db/db diabetic mice liver mitochondria is 134.61 ± 53.84 vs 99.74 ± 46.2,with P < 0.05.CONCLUSION:Our results indicate that GSTs exist widely in mitochondria and its abundances of mitochondrial GSTs might be tissue-dependent and disease-related.展开更多
When Elizabethan＇s were trained to read and write, the handwriting they first learned was ＂Secretary＂ （or ＂Secretarial＂） hand, reflecting the style used by monks and scribes well back into the Middle Ages. Only...When Elizabethan＇s were trained to read and write, the handwriting they first learned was ＂Secretary＂ （or ＂Secretarial＂） hand, reflecting the style used by monks and scribes well back into the Middle Ages. Only in the mid-1500s did an alternative hand called ＂Italic＂ （or ＂Italianate＂） slowly begin to be adopted as a second hand, reflecting handwriting used on the continent, and Italic was rarer than Secretary until well after 1600. Today, extant Elizabethan handwriting samples normally show each person used both hand styles, and where only one hand is extant for a given person, it is usually a Secretary hand. Thus, it＇s a surprise that two noblemen, the great William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and his son-in-law Edward DeVere, the 17th Earl of Oxford, are each assumed to have only Italic hand samples among their voluminous collections of handwriting. Did they not learn and never use Secretary hands, or is it that any Secretary hands in their documents are simply presumed to be written by clerks？ This article begins with questioning whether the two men really were limited to Italic hands, fmds a few plausible Secretary hand samples for one of them （possibly for both）, reconstructs a hypothetical Italic alphabet for him, and nominates many candidate manuscripts （MSS, singular MS） for having been written or contributed to by him, some of which may be relevant to Shakespeare studies. Other subjects touched on are calligraphy, a clerk （or amanuensis）, and griffe de notaire （literally a ＂notary＇s scratch＂, or identifying scribble）.展开更多
El Eulma has become an important node of transnational informal trade. It maintains strong relationships with international market places since the period where the ＂Trabendo＂ have seen a wide development in Algeria...El Eulma has become an important node of transnational informal trade. It maintains strong relationships with international market places since the period where the ＂Trabendo＂ have seen a wide development in Algeria. On the national and regional level, the city of El Eulma is the main element of the network of informal merchant areas known by ＂Douba＇l＂ markets. The most important areas are located in the central and eastern of Algeria. This dual membership was conferred to it because of the strong presence of import companies and the existence of discrete and dynamic networks well-organized, formed of false importers, This article focuses on commercial trajectories, the forms of networks and their developments and tries to know the logic. From these trajectories, how the merchant places could be formed in Algeria, as was the case for El Eulma.展开更多
Objective To observe the effect of electroacupuncture （EA） on learning and memory abilities and expression of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor subunit （NR2B） in prefrontal cortex in morphine-withdrawal rats and to in...Objective To observe the effect of electroacupuncture （EA） on learning and memory abilities and expression of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor subunit （NR2B） in prefrontal cortex in morphine-withdrawal rats and to investigate the molecular biological mechanisms. Methods Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely control group （group A）, model group （group B）, model with acupuncture group （group C） and model with electroacupunture group （group D）, with 9 in each group. All rats except those in group A were subcutaneously injected with morphine hydrochloride injectio on the back with daily dosage increased day by day. Naloxone was given 3 h after the last injection to establish the models of morphinewithdrawal rats. After the models were established, the rats were treated with acupuncture and electroacupuncture respectively at bilateral ＂Shenshu＂ （肾俞 BL 23） and ＂Zusanli＂ （足三里 ST 36） for 15 min per time, once daily for 6 days. Space learning and memory abilities of the rats were measured by Morris water maze, and protein and gene expression levels of NR2B in prefrontal cortex were measured by Western Blot and RT-PCR. Results In place navigation test, the escape latency in group B, group C and group D was significantly prolonged compared with that of group A （P〈0.01）, the escape latency in group C and group D was significantly shortened compared with that of group B （P〈0.01） and the escape latency in group D was significantly shortened compared with that of group C （P〈0.05）; during spatial probe test, the number of times crossing the platform of group B, group C and group D decreased compared with that of group A （P〈0.01）, and compared with group B, the number of times crossing the platform of group C increased and the number of group D significantly increased （P〈0.01）. Decreased protein expression level of NR2B was found in group B when compared with that of group A （P〈0.01）, increased protein expression levels of NR2B were found in group C and group D when compared with that of group B （P〈0.01）, however, the expression level in group D was higher than that in group C （P〈0.01）. mRNA expression level of NR2B in prefrontal cortex in morphine-withdrawal rats decreased （P〈0.05）, however, compared with that of group B, the expression level increased in group D （P〈0.05）, and there was no statistical significance in increased expression level in group C （P〉0.05）. Conclusion Acupuncture and eletroacupunture can improve space learning and memory abilities of merphine-withdrawal rats, with better efficacy of eletroacupuncture than that of acupuncture, the mechanisms of which may be associated with the regulation of NR2B expression in prefrontal cortex.展开更多
Ecdysone receptor （EcR） and ultraspiracle （USP） form heterodimers to mediate ecdysteroid signaling during molting and metamorphosis. Various EcR/USP heterodimers have been reported. However, it is unclear what kin...Ecdysone receptor （EcR） and ultraspiracle （USP） form heterodimers to mediate ecdysteroid signaling during molting and metamorphosis. Various EcR/USP heterodimers have been reported. However, it is unclear what kind of EcR/USP combination is adopted by lepidopteran insects during the larval-pupal metamorphosis and whether the EcR/USP heterodimer varies among different tissues. To address these questions, two isoforms of each EcR and USP were cloned from the common cutworm, their messenger RNA expression patterns were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in different tissues during the larval-pupal metamorphosis and in the midgut in response to hormonal induction. Furthermore, their subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction were explored by transient expression and far-western blotting, respectively. All the four genes were significantly up-regulated in prepuae and/or pupae. The expression profiles of EcRB1 and USP1 were nearly identical to each other in the epidermis, fat body and midgut, and a similar situation also applied to EcRA and USP2. The three genes responded to 20-hydroxyecdysone （20E） induction except for USP2, and USP1 could be up-regulated by both 20E and juvenile hormone. The four proteins mainly localized in the nucleus and the nuclear localization was promoted by 20E. The protein-protein interaction between each EcR and USP was found in vitro. These results suggest that two types of EcR/USP heterodimer （EeRA/USP2 and EcRB 1/USP1） may exist simultaneously in the common cutworm, and the latter should play more important roles during the larval-pupal metamorphosis. In addition, the types of EcR/USP heterodimer do not vary in the tissues which undergo histolysis and regeneration during metamorphosis.展开更多
Grassland ecosystems are one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems on the earth.Central Asia has the largest contiguous grazing area in the world and good conditions for the development of animal husbandry.Howe...Grassland ecosystems are one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems on the earth.Central Asia has the largest contiguous grazing area in the world and good conditions for the development of animal husbandry.However,in the past 30 years,the grassland ecosystem in Central Asia has experienced significant degradation,and the livestock industry has also experienced an overall decline to the point that livestock products are now dependent on imports.The ecological footprint method was used to analyze the change trend and characteristics of grassland ecological carrying capacity and ecological occupation in Central Asia.The grassland ecological capacity in Central Asia was found to be much higher than the global level,and great potential still remains for further development and utilization.The international trade of livestock products in Central Asian countries showed a deficit,and the net import of livestock products increased year by year.Net imports reached 9.5%in 1992-2016,and the dependence on foreign countries increased significantly,which is not conducive to the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Central Asia.In the future,the counties of Central Asia should optimize the aspects of policy,management and technology to improve the productivity of grassland animal husbandry,strengthen grassland ecological protection,and realize the coordinated and sustainable development of their grassland ecological economic systems.展开更多
The paper examines the chemical composition of alluvial soils from the Zeya and Selemdzha River valleys, one of the branch rivers in the Amur River basin. It has been established that the compositions of these soils a...The paper examines the chemical composition of alluvial soils from the Zeya and Selemdzha River valleys, one of the branch rivers in the Amur River basin. It has been established that the compositions of these soils are characterized by a relative shortage of practically all analyzed macro-and microelements as compared with UCC(upper continental crust) and PAAS(postArhean Australian average shale) compositions. The chemical composition of alluvial soils approximates that of the soils in NE China and Korea due to similar climatic and geographic conditions. On the basis of relationships between major and trace elements and peculiarities of trace elements concentration it is shown that the alluvial soils in the middle reaches of the Zeya River were formed by the sources largely transformed by chemical weathering processes. By comparison, the soils in the Selemdzha River and lower reaches of the Zeya River(below the Selemdzha River mouth) are dominated by material to a large degree reworked by the physical processes rather than chemical ones. This inference conforms with specific geological settings of the water-collector.展开更多
文摘A new dinosaur tracksite was discovered in a steeply inclined sandstone layer of the Middle Jurassic Sanjianfang Formation in the Shanshan area of the Turpan Basin. The site is the first record of dinosaur footprints from Xinjiang Province in northwestern China. More than 150 tridactyl theropod dinosaur footprints are preserved as positive hyporeliefs on the lower bedding plane of a fine-grained sandstone body. Most of the footprints are isolated and appear to be randomly distributed. Some show well defined phalangeal pads, heels and rarely indistinct impressions of the distal part of the metatarsus. Two distinct morphotypes are present: a larger type with relatively broad pads shows similarities to Changpeipus and Megalosauripus, and a slightly smaller, slender and gracile type which is similar to Grallator, Eubrontes and Anchisauripus. In both morphotypes, digit III is the longest with a length between 11.4 and 33.6 cm. A single imprint shows prominent scratches, probably formed during slipping of the track maker.
基金Supported by The National Basic Research Program of China,No. 2010CB912703the Development Program of China,No.2006AA02A308the Nature Science Foundation of China,No. 30900508
文摘AIM:To survey glutathione(GSH) S-transferase(GST) isoforms in mitochondria and to reveal the isoforms' biological significance in diabetic mice.METHODS:The presence of GSTs in mouse liver mitochondria was systematically screened by two proteomic approaches,namely,GSH affinity chromatography/two dimensional electrophoresis(2DE/MALDI TOF/TOF MS) and SDS-PAGE/LC ESI MS/MS.The proteomic results were further confirmed by Western blotting using monoclonal antibodies against GSTs.To evaluate the liver mitochondrial GSTs quantitatively,calibration curves were generated by the loading amounts of individual recombinant GST protein vs the relative intensities elicited from the Western blotting.An extensive comparison of the liver mitochondrial GSTs was conducted between normal and db/db diabetic mice.Student's t test was adopted for the estimation of regression and significant difference.RESULTS:Using GSH affinity/2DE/MALDI TOF/TOF MS,three GSTs,namely,alpha3,mu1 and pi1,were identified;whereas five GSTs,alpha3,mu1,pi1,kappa1 and zeta1,were detected in mouse liver mitochondria using SDS-PAGE/LC ESI MS/MS,of these GSTs,GST kappa1 was reported as a specific mitochondrial GST.The R 2 values of regression ranged between values of about 0.86 and 0.98,which were acceptable for the quantification.Based on the measurement of the GST abundances in liver mitochondria of normal and diabetic mice,the four GSTs,alpha3,kappa1,mu1 and zeta1,were found to be almost comparable between the two sets of animals,whereas,lower GST pi1 was detected in the diabetic mice compared with normal ones,the signal of Western blotting in control and db/db diabetic mice liver mitochondria is 134.61 ± 53.84 vs 99.74 ± 46.2,with P < 0.05.CONCLUSION:Our results indicate that GSTs exist widely in mitochondria and its abundances of mitochondrial GSTs might be tissue-dependent and disease-related.
文摘When Elizabethan＇s were trained to read and write, the handwriting they first learned was ＂Secretary＂ （or ＂Secretarial＂） hand, reflecting the style used by monks and scribes well back into the Middle Ages. Only in the mid-1500s did an alternative hand called ＂Italic＂ （or ＂Italianate＂） slowly begin to be adopted as a second hand, reflecting handwriting used on the continent, and Italic was rarer than Secretary until well after 1600. Today, extant Elizabethan handwriting samples normally show each person used both hand styles, and where only one hand is extant for a given person, it is usually a Secretary hand. Thus, it＇s a surprise that two noblemen, the great William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and his son-in-law Edward DeVere, the 17th Earl of Oxford, are each assumed to have only Italic hand samples among their voluminous collections of handwriting. Did they not learn and never use Secretary hands, or is it that any Secretary hands in their documents are simply presumed to be written by clerks？ This article begins with questioning whether the two men really were limited to Italic hands, fmds a few plausible Secretary hand samples for one of them （possibly for both）, reconstructs a hypothetical Italic alphabet for him, and nominates many candidate manuscripts （MSS, singular MS） for having been written or contributed to by him, some of which may be relevant to Shakespeare studies. Other subjects touched on are calligraphy, a clerk （or amanuensis）, and griffe de notaire （literally a ＂notary＇s scratch＂, or identifying scribble）.
文摘El Eulma has become an important node of transnational informal trade. It maintains strong relationships with international market places since the period where the ＂Trabendo＂ have seen a wide development in Algeria. On the national and regional level, the city of El Eulma is the main element of the network of informal merchant areas known by ＂Douba＇l＂ markets. The most important areas are located in the central and eastern of Algeria. This dual membership was conferred to it because of the strong presence of import companies and the existence of discrete and dynamic networks well-organized, formed of false importers, This article focuses on commercial trajectories, the forms of networks and their developments and tries to know the logic. From these trajectories, how the merchant places could be formed in Algeria, as was the case for El Eulma.
基金Supported by Project of Youth Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China:QC 2011 C 040Project of Harbin Science and Technology Bureau:2012RFQX S 052
文摘Objective To observe the effect of electroacupuncture （EA） on learning and memory abilities and expression of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor subunit （NR2B） in prefrontal cortex in morphine-withdrawal rats and to investigate the molecular biological mechanisms. Methods Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely control group （group A）, model group （group B）, model with acupuncture group （group C） and model with electroacupunture group （group D）, with 9 in each group. All rats except those in group A were subcutaneously injected with morphine hydrochloride injectio on the back with daily dosage increased day by day. Naloxone was given 3 h after the last injection to establish the models of morphinewithdrawal rats. After the models were established, the rats were treated with acupuncture and electroacupuncture respectively at bilateral ＂Shenshu＂ （肾俞 BL 23） and ＂Zusanli＂ （足三里 ST 36） for 15 min per time, once daily for 6 days. Space learning and memory abilities of the rats were measured by Morris water maze, and protein and gene expression levels of NR2B in prefrontal cortex were measured by Western Blot and RT-PCR. Results In place navigation test, the escape latency in group B, group C and group D was significantly prolonged compared with that of group A （P〈0.01）, the escape latency in group C and group D was significantly shortened compared with that of group B （P〈0.01） and the escape latency in group D was significantly shortened compared with that of group C （P〈0.05）; during spatial probe test, the number of times crossing the platform of group B, group C and group D decreased compared with that of group A （P〈0.01）, and compared with group B, the number of times crossing the platform of group C increased and the number of group D significantly increased （P〈0.01）. Decreased protein expression level of NR2B was found in group B when compared with that of group A （P〈0.01）, increased protein expression levels of NR2B were found in group C and group D when compared with that of group B （P〈0.01）, however, the expression level in group D was higher than that in group C （P〈0.01）. mRNA expression level of NR2B in prefrontal cortex in morphine-withdrawal rats decreased （P〈0.05）, however, compared with that of group B, the expression level increased in group D （P〈0.05）, and there was no statistical significance in increased expression level in group C （P〉0.05）. Conclusion Acupuncture and eletroacupunture can improve space learning and memory abilities of merphine-withdrawal rats, with better efficacy of eletroacupuncture than that of acupuncture, the mechanisms of which may be associated with the regulation of NR2B expression in prefrontal cortex.
基金Acknowledgments The research was supported by the grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 31172154） and the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program, No. 2012CB114101）.
文摘Ecdysone receptor （EcR） and ultraspiracle （USP） form heterodimers to mediate ecdysteroid signaling during molting and metamorphosis. Various EcR/USP heterodimers have been reported. However, it is unclear what kind of EcR/USP combination is adopted by lepidopteran insects during the larval-pupal metamorphosis and whether the EcR/USP heterodimer varies among different tissues. To address these questions, two isoforms of each EcR and USP were cloned from the common cutworm, their messenger RNA expression patterns were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in different tissues during the larval-pupal metamorphosis and in the midgut in response to hormonal induction. Furthermore, their subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction were explored by transient expression and far-western blotting, respectively. All the four genes were significantly up-regulated in prepuae and/or pupae. The expression profiles of EcRB1 and USP1 were nearly identical to each other in the epidermis, fat body and midgut, and a similar situation also applied to EcRA and USP2. The three genes responded to 20-hydroxyecdysone （20E） induction except for USP2, and USP1 could be up-regulated by both 20E and juvenile hormone. The four proteins mainly localized in the nucleus and the nuclear localization was promoted by 20E. The protein-protein interaction between each EcR and USP was found in vitro. These results suggest that two types of EcR/USP heterodimer （EeRA/USP2 and EcRB 1/USP1） may exist simultaneously in the common cutworm, and the latter should play more important roles during the larval-pupal metamorphosis. In addition, the types of EcR/USP heterodimer do not vary in the tissues which undergo histolysis and regeneration during metamorphosis.
基金The Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of Tibet Plateau—Regional Function Types and Zoning Plans(2019QZKK0406)The Research on Resource Bottleneck and Security Guarantees for One-hundred strategic Targets(Y9X0722601)
文摘Grassland ecosystems are one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems on the earth.Central Asia has the largest contiguous grazing area in the world and good conditions for the development of animal husbandry.However,in the past 30 years,the grassland ecosystem in Central Asia has experienced significant degradation,and the livestock industry has also experienced an overall decline to the point that livestock products are now dependent on imports.The ecological footprint method was used to analyze the change trend and characteristics of grassland ecological carrying capacity and ecological occupation in Central Asia.The grassland ecological capacity in Central Asia was found to be much higher than the global level,and great potential still remains for further development and utilization.The international trade of livestock products in Central Asian countries showed a deficit,and the net import of livestock products increased year by year.Net imports reached 9.5%in 1992-2016,and the dependence on foreign countries increased significantly,which is not conducive to the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Central Asia.In the future,the counties of Central Asia should optimize the aspects of policy,management and technology to improve the productivity of grassland animal husbandry,strengthen grassland ecological protection,and realize the coordinated and sustainable development of their grassland ecological economic systems.
文摘The paper examines the chemical composition of alluvial soils from the Zeya and Selemdzha River valleys, one of the branch rivers in the Amur River basin. It has been established that the compositions of these soils are characterized by a relative shortage of practically all analyzed macro-and microelements as compared with UCC(upper continental crust) and PAAS(postArhean Australian average shale) compositions. The chemical composition of alluvial soils approximates that of the soils in NE China and Korea due to similar climatic and geographic conditions. On the basis of relationships between major and trace elements and peculiarities of trace elements concentration it is shown that the alluvial soils in the middle reaches of the Zeya River were formed by the sources largely transformed by chemical weathering processes. By comparison, the soils in the Selemdzha River and lower reaches of the Zeya River(below the Selemdzha River mouth) are dominated by material to a large degree reworked by the physical processes rather than chemical ones. This inference conforms with specific geological settings of the water-collector.
