It is noted that any variation in operating conditions has a considerable effect on the tire/road interaction. Furthermore,choosing a range of proper values for carcass stiffness is very essential for both tire safety...It is noted that any variation in operating conditions has a considerable effect on the tire/road interaction. Furthermore,choosing a range of proper values for carcass stiffness is very essential for both tire safety and effective driving action. In this work,an elaborated 3D model fully compliant with the geometrical size of radial tire 185/60 R15 is worked up, for evaluating the effects of components properties and working conditions on deformation and stress/strain fields created inside the tire. For the simulation, the tire structure is assumed to be composed of tread, carcass ply, and bead. The mechanical behavior of rubber as main component of tire is described by Mooney-Rivlin material model. The comparison of the obtained results and laboratory tests demonstrates the validity and high accuracy of analysis.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to investigate the condition number of various formulations of LSFEM （least-squares finite element method） for SWE （shallow-water equations）, and develop a better conditioned shallow...The objective of this paper is to investigate the condition number of various formulations of LSFEM （least-squares finite element method） for SWE （shallow-water equations）, and develop a better conditioned shallow-water model to simulate current structure interactions. Various formulations of LSFEM for a two-dimensional vertically-averaged non-viscous shallow-water equations can be constructed, depending on the choice of norm, variables, interpolations, and possible treatment of boundary conditions. The condition number of the resulting system of equations is systematically examined and compared. It is found that condition number of the resulting system of equations depends on the choice of variables, interpolations, and size of element （h）. Order reduction （UW） formulations, with introducing auxiliary variables, with low-order interpolation is better conditioned and more efficient than direct （U） formulation with high-order interpolation. However, to resolve large gradients and fine structures of flow filed, high-order methods are generally preferred. The developed shallow-water model is used to simulate flow past an elliptic hump and flow past a cylinder. Computed results are compared with other numerical solutions.展开更多
文摘It is noted that any variation in operating conditions has a considerable effect on the tire/road interaction. Furthermore,choosing a range of proper values for carcass stiffness is very essential for both tire safety and effective driving action. In this work,an elaborated 3D model fully compliant with the geometrical size of radial tire 185/60 R15 is worked up, for evaluating the effects of components properties and working conditions on deformation and stress/strain fields created inside the tire. For the simulation, the tire structure is assumed to be composed of tread, carcass ply, and bead. The mechanical behavior of rubber as main component of tire is described by Mooney-Rivlin material model. The comparison of the obtained results and laboratory tests demonstrates the validity and high accuracy of analysis.
文摘The objective of this paper is to investigate the condition number of various formulations of LSFEM （least-squares finite element method） for SWE （shallow-water equations）, and develop a better conditioned shallow-water model to simulate current structure interactions. Various formulations of LSFEM for a two-dimensional vertically-averaged non-viscous shallow-water equations can be constructed, depending on the choice of norm, variables, interpolations, and possible treatment of boundary conditions. The condition number of the resulting system of equations is systematically examined and compared. It is found that condition number of the resulting system of equations depends on the choice of variables, interpolations, and size of element （h）. Order reduction （UW） formulations, with introducing auxiliary variables, with low-order interpolation is better conditioned and more efficient than direct （U） formulation with high-order interpolation. However, to resolve large gradients and fine structures of flow filed, high-order methods are generally preferred. The developed shallow-water model is used to simulate flow past an elliptic hump and flow past a cylinder. Computed results are compared with other numerical solutions.
