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Economy of RHA (Rice Husk Ash) in Concrete for Low-Cost Housing Delivery in Nigeria
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作者 Olonade Kolawole Adisa 《Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture》 2013年第11期1464-1470,共7页
Delivery of housing units in adequate quantity and quality has been the pursuits of individuals and successive governments in Nigeria. Still, the gap between demand and supply is becoming wider on daily basis due to e... Delivery of housing units in adequate quantity and quality has been the pursuits of individuals and successive governments in Nigeria. Still, the gap between demand and supply is becoming wider on daily basis due to exorbitant cost of building materials that is beyond the reach of average Nigerians. Concrete being the most acceptable construction material is expensive due to high cost of cement. Efforts made to reduce the cost of cement were to no avail, thus there is need to look elsewhere. Past researches showed that substituting cement with 15% of RHA (rice husk ash) in concrete improves the performance of concrete and reduces global warming as a result of emissions from cement production. This paper looks into the effect of using RHA as partial substitute of cement on the cost of a low-cost housing unit. Results showed that cement based construction materials are responsible for 82.58% of the total cost in which cement is responsible for 42%. When 15% RHA was used to substitute cement over N90,000 was saved, amounting to about 7% of the total cost of the building. In addition, depletion of natural resources was reduced. 展开更多
关键词 Housing delivery POZZOLAN rice husk ash global warming low-cost housing.
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Successful Delivery of Infrastructural Projects: Epistemic Overview of Cost Risk and Uncertainties
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作者 Joseph Ignatius Teye Buerte)t Emmanuel Abeere-Inga Theophilus Adjei Kumi 《Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture》 2012年第9期1218-1229,共12页
The process of decision making and risk analysis are essential tasks along the construction project cycle. Over the years, construction practitioners and researchers have used various methods, tools and techniques to ... The process of decision making and risk analysis are essential tasks along the construction project cycle. Over the years, construction practitioners and researchers have used various methods, tools and techniques to evaluate risk and assist in making more concise decisions. Most practitioners, however, rely on their expert judgment, past experience, intuition, acquired and accumulated knowledge and gut feelings to make decisions. Aleatory (natural, heterogeneity and stochasticity) and epistemic (subjective, ignorance) are the two major types of uncertainties observed in natural sciences. Practitioners traditionally deal with aleatory uncertainty through probabilistic analysis based on historical data (frequentist approach); and epistemic uncertainty, on the other hand, handled through the Bayesian approach which has limitations since it requires a priori assumption. This paper reports the application of the DST (Dempster Shafer Theory) of evidence to determine the most critical risk factors affecting project cost contingencies using their epistemic probabilities of occurrence. The paper further discuses how these factors can be managed to enhance successful delivery of infrastructural projects. It uses the mixed methodology, with data gathered through structured questionnaires distributed to construction clients, contractors, professionals and experts in the built environment. The research revealed that design risk, financial risk and economic risk were most important cost risk categorizations. In particular, scope changes, incomplete scope definition, incomplete design, changes in specification, micro and macroeconomic indicators and delayed payment problems were identified as the most important risk factors to be considered during the cost contingency estimation process, hence successful delivery of infrastructural projects. The paper concludes by recommending modalities for managing the contingency evolution process of risk estimation to enhance successful delivery and management of infrastructural projects. 展开更多
关键词 Epistemic uncertainty aleatory uncertainty RISK cost management dempster shaffer theory.
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消费者导向类型与电商全渠道决策研究 被引量:9
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作者 郎骁 邵晓峰 《中国管理科学》 CSSCI CSCD 北大核心 2020年第9期164-175,共12页
从现实出发,基于不同消费者导向类型研究了电商的全渠道决策问题。首先建立电商单渠道销售的基础模型,并得出最优产品组合、价格和交付时间。在此基础上,给出了消费者为产品导向型和渠道导向型情况下电商采取全渠道决策的条件,得出双渠... 从现实出发,基于不同消费者导向类型研究了电商的全渠道决策问题。首先建立电商单渠道销售的基础模型,并得出最优产品组合、价格和交付时间。在此基础上,给出了消费者为产品导向型和渠道导向型情况下电商采取全渠道决策的条件,得出双渠道产品组合、价格及交付时间的最优决策;并进行了数值验证。研究发现,同一渠道提供的产品其最优价格相同,最优交付时间只和消费者耐心程度及交付成本函数有关。若消费者为产品导向型,仅当双渠道运营成本之差较小且消费者耐心程度较低时,电商进入线下渠道才有利可图,且在线下渠道提供最受欢迎的产品,线上渠道提供剩余产品。若消费者为渠道导向型,电商进入线下渠道必然有利可图,且在线下渠道提供最受欢迎的产品,线上渠道提供所有产品。 展开更多
关键词 产品组合 全渠道决策 消费者导向类型 价格-交付时间联合决策 交付成本
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浅谈中小型企业的增值审核
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作者 俞小清 《世界标准信息》 2003年第10期12-13,共2页
根据2003年2月国家四部门下发的《中小型企业标准暂行规定》,企业大小的划分以年末从业人员人数、资产总计及全年产品销售收入为指标。新标准规定,同时满足人数2000人及以上,资产总计在4亿元及以上,产品销售收入3亿元以上的为大型工业企... 根据2003年2月国家四部门下发的《中小型企业标准暂行规定》,企业大小的划分以年末从业人员人数、资产总计及全年产品销售收入为指标。新标准规定,同时满足人数2000人及以上,资产总计在4亿元及以上,产品销售收入3亿元以上的为大型工业企业;人数在2000人以下,或资产总计4亿元以下,或产品销售收入3亿元以下,但须同时满足人数300人及以上, 展开更多
关键词 中小型企业 增值审核 服务质量 产品质量 安全事故 环境事故 交付成本 交付时间 资源管理 政策指导
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