In order to examine the effects of the decrease of future precipitation on the eco-physiological characteristics of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.) in Huangfuchuan Watershed in Nei Mongol, a water gradient ...In order to examine the effects of the decrease of future precipitation on the eco-physiological characteristics of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.) in Huangfuchuan Watershed in Nei Mongol, a water gradient experiment was conducted based on the four specially designed water supply levels, including normal precipitation, slight drought, drought and extreme drought. Results of ANOVE showed that different water gradients had a significant effect on (1) microhabitat factors, such as soil water content and soil temperature; (2) gas exchange, such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate; (3) resource use efficiency; and (4) leaf water potential. Water use efficiency of H rhamnoides could increase under moderate water stress, i.e. drought condition, while its net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate decreased. All kinds of eco-physiological characteristics proved H. rhamnoides seedlings under all water supplies were affected by water stress more or less and that mechanism of intrinsic physiological regulation in seedlings under the extreme drought conditions had the appearance of turbulence to a certain extent. Therefore, H rhamnoides seedlings in Huangfuchuan Watershed could not acclimate to extreme drought conditions.展开更多
The effects of socio-demographics, land use characteristics and trip attributes on the commute mode choice are studied with a nested logit （NL） model. Based on the random utility maximum theory, the NL model is form...The effects of socio-demographics, land use characteristics and trip attributes on the commute mode choice are studied with a nested logit （NL） model. Based on the random utility maximum theory, the NL model is formulated. The analysis is carried out in the main area of Nanjing. Direct and cross elasticities are calculated to analyze the effects of travel time and travel cost on the selection of travel mode choice. The results reveal that the non-motorized travel modes are more attractive in the areas with higher housing and employment accessibility and car owners are found to be more likely to commute to work by car. The bus and subway choice probabilities are more sensitive to changes in travel times than to changes in travel costs. In conclusion, a comprehensive public transit system and effective integration of land use and transportation policies help to relieve the traffic congestion levels caused by the increasing urban sprawl.展开更多
In order to investigate characteristics of nitrogen use efficiency of CMS line Rong 18A, four hybrid rice combinations （Rong18 You188, Rong18 You198, Rong18 You662, Rong18 You908） derived from CMS line Rong 18A were...In order to investigate characteristics of nitrogen use efficiency of CMS line Rong 18A, four hybrid rice combinations （Rong18 You188, Rong18 You198, Rong18 You662, Rong18 You908） derived from CMS line Rong 18A were used as experimental materials with Ⅱ You838 and Gangyou725 as controls. A split-plot experimental design was performed with four nitrogen fertilizer application rates to analyze the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates on the yield and yield component factors of rice. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase effective panicle number to improve rice yield. The increment in rice yield per unit nitrogen fertilizer application rate demonstrated a descending trend with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rate. Under low nitrogen levels, hybrid rice combinations derived from Rong 18A exhibited relatively high nitrogen use efficiency and showed remarkably high nitrogen use efficiency under low nitrogen levels.展开更多
The effects of potassium （K） application rates on the yield, fiber quality and K fertilizer use efficiency of three hybrid cotton varieties （Jin102, Xiangzamian8, Siyang328） were studied in field experiment. Ferti...The effects of potassium （K） application rates on the yield, fiber quality and K fertilizer use efficiency of three hybrid cotton varieties （Jin102, Xiangzamian8, Siyang328） were studied in field experiment. Fertilizer rates of K2O 135 and 270 kg/hm2, representing 1x and 2x recommended K rates, were applied, no application of k fertilizer as the CK. The results show that the lint yield increased 39.13%-57.48%with potassium application, highly significantly. Al yield components of the three hy-brid cotton varieties increased with the increase of K application amounts. The bol number per plant, single bol weight and lint percentage were increased by 14.24%-40.29%, 3.59%-15.51% and 0.16%-4.89%, respectively, and the fiber length and specific strength also increased with the increasing K application amounts, showing no significant influence on Micronaire. When the K application amounts increased from 135 to 270 kg/hm2, the partial factor productivity （PFPk） reduced by 45.93%-48.01%, and the agronomic efficiency （AEk） reduced by 37.1%-42.9%. The PFPk and KE （K efficiency coefficients） of S328 were the highest among the three varieties, which also showed the strongest resistance to low potassium stress, and with no potassi-um fertilizer application （K0）, the lint yield of S328 was 5.54% and 11.19% higher than that of X8 and J102. The AEk of J102 was the highest, and its reward of K fertilizer was the greatest among the three varieties.展开更多
Recent research has found that L2 learners of high grammatical proficiency will not necessarily show concomitant pragmatic skills. On the basis of Danesi＇s Conceptual Fluency theory and actual learners＇ oral abiliti...Recent research has found that L2 learners of high grammatical proficiency will not necessarily show concomitant pragmatic skills. On the basis of Danesi＇s Conceptual Fluency theory and actual learners＇ oral abilities, this research conducted two types of tests： a discourse-completion test and a dialogue-interpretation test. The research has found that L2 learners are often influenced by L1 conceptual system, and speeches are not necessarily appropriate and native-like.展开更多
The photosynthetic functions and the sensitivity to photoinhibition were compared between two superhigh_yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100, the newly developed from two parental line...The photosynthetic functions and the sensitivity to photoinhibition were compared between two superhigh_yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100, the newly developed from two parental lines and traditional hybrid rice Shanyou 63 developed from three parental lines. The results showed that, as compared to Shanyou 63, the net photosynthetic rate of Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100 was 9.1% and 11.9% higher, the transpiration rate was 37.4% and 31.4% lower, and their water use efficiency was 74.2% and 63.5% higher respectively. After strong light (2 000 μmol photons·m -2 ·s -1 ) treatment for 2 h, the photochemical quantum yield and the photochemical quenching increased by 37.0% and 18.0% respectively in Liangyoupeijiu, 28.3% and 46.2% in X07S/Zihui 100, but decreased a little in Shanyou 63. The non_photochemical quenching decreased in Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100 (about 50%) but increased greatly in Shanyou 63 (about 50%). Better photosynthetic functions, higher water use efficiency and stronger resistance to photoinhibition, may be the physiological basis for the super high_yield of the two hybrid rice under study.展开更多
An alternative option pricing method is proposed based on a random walk market model. The minimal entropy martingale measure which adopts no arbitrage opportunity in the market, is deduced for this market model and is...An alternative option pricing method is proposed based on a random walk market model. The minimal entropy martingale measure which adopts no arbitrage opportunity in the market, is deduced for this market model and is used as the pricing measure to evaluate European call options by a Monte Carlo simulation method. The proposed method is a purely data driven valuation method without any distributional assumption about the price process of underlying asset. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the canonical valuation method and the historical volatility-based Black-Scholes method in an artificial Black-Scholes world. The simulation results show that the proposed method has merits, and is valuable to financial engineering.展开更多
Bicycle-sharing system is considered as a green option to provide a better connection between scenic spots and nearby metro/bus stations. Allocating and optimizing the layout of bicycle-sharing system inside the sceni...Bicycle-sharing system is considered as a green option to provide a better connection between scenic spots and nearby metro/bus stations. Allocating and optimizing the layout of bicycle-sharing system inside the scenic spot and around its influencing area are focused on. It is found that the terrain, land use, nearby transport network and scenery point distribution have significant impact on the allocation of bicycle-sharing system. While the candidate bicycle-sharing stations installed at the inner scenic points, entrances/exits and metro stations are fixed, the ones installed at bus-stations and other passenger concentration buildings are adjustable. Aiming at minimizing the total cycling distance and overlapping rate, an optimization model is proposed and solved based on the idea of cluster concept and greedy heuristic. A revealed preference/stated preference （RP/SP） combined survey was conducted at Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing, China, to get an insight into the touring trip characteristics and bicycle-sharing tendency. The results reveal that 39.81% visitors accept a cycling distance of 1-3 km and 62.50% respondents think that the bicycle-sharing system should charge an appropriate fee. The sttrvey indicates that there is high possibility to carry out a bicycle-sharing system at Xuanwu Lake. Optimizing the allocation problem cluster by cluster rather than using an exhaustive search method significantly reduces the computing amount from O（2^43） to O（43 2）. The 500 m-radius-coverage rate for the alternative optimized by 500 m-radius-cluster and 800 m-radius-cluster is 89.2% and 68.5%, respectively. The final layout scheme will provide decision makers engineering guidelines and theoretical support.展开更多
Sign Writing, a writing system for sign language, is becoming a useful and convenient communication aid for people who are deaf. Principally, people who are deaf find it difficult to communicate with the hearing commu...Sign Writing, a writing system for sign language, is becoming a useful and convenient communication aid for people who are deaf. Principally, people who are deaf find it difficult to communicate with the hearing community and due to recent technological advancement they communicate amongst themselves and with the hearing community via text messaging on mobile phones. Existing messaging function is limited to writing based on the Roman alphabets or pictographic languages like Mandarin; writing in signs is deemed to be deficient in a mobile context. Hence, the aim of this paper is to examine the feasibility of writing and reading text messages in signs as an alternative communication mean besides Short Messaging Service （SMS）. Initial experimental results have significantly exemplified that sign writing gains well acceptance and is preferred among the hearing-impaired community to communicate within or between the hearing communities.展开更多
文摘In order to examine the effects of the decrease of future precipitation on the eco-physiological characteristics of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.) in Huangfuchuan Watershed in Nei Mongol, a water gradient experiment was conducted based on the four specially designed water supply levels, including normal precipitation, slight drought, drought and extreme drought. Results of ANOVE showed that different water gradients had a significant effect on (1) microhabitat factors, such as soil water content and soil temperature; (2) gas exchange, such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate; (3) resource use efficiency; and (4) leaf water potential. Water use efficiency of H rhamnoides could increase under moderate water stress, i.e. drought condition, while its net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate decreased. All kinds of eco-physiological characteristics proved H. rhamnoides seedlings under all water supplies were affected by water stress more or less and that mechanism of intrinsic physiological regulation in seedlings under the extreme drought conditions had the appearance of turbulence to a certain extent. Therefore, H rhamnoides seedlings in Huangfuchuan Watershed could not acclimate to extreme drought conditions.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50908051)
文摘The effects of socio-demographics, land use characteristics and trip attributes on the commute mode choice are studied with a nested logit （NL） model. Based on the random utility maximum theory, the NL model is formulated. The analysis is carried out in the main area of Nanjing. Direct and cross elasticities are calculated to analyze the effects of travel time and travel cost on the selection of travel mode choice. The results reveal that the non-motorized travel modes are more attractive in the areas with higher housing and employment accessibility and car owners are found to be more likely to commute to work by car. The bus and subway choice probabilities are more sensitive to changes in travel times than to changes in travel costs. In conclusion, a comprehensive public transit system and effective integration of land use and transportation policies help to relieve the traffic congestion levels caused by the increasing urban sprawl.
基金Supported by Key Project for Rice Breeding of Sichuan Province(YZGG2014-1)~~
文摘In order to investigate characteristics of nitrogen use efficiency of CMS line Rong 18A, four hybrid rice combinations （Rong18 You188, Rong18 You198, Rong18 You662, Rong18 You908） derived from CMS line Rong 18A were used as experimental materials with Ⅱ You838 and Gangyou725 as controls. A split-plot experimental design was performed with four nitrogen fertilizer application rates to analyze the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates on the yield and yield component factors of rice. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase effective panicle number to improve rice yield. The increment in rice yield per unit nitrogen fertilizer application rate demonstrated a descending trend with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rate. Under low nitrogen levels, hybrid rice combinations derived from Rong 18A exhibited relatively high nitrogen use efficiency and showed remarkably high nitrogen use efficiency under low nitrogen levels.
基金Supported by the Project for Cotton Industry of Hunan Province(Xiangnongyelian[2012]No.278)the Foundation for Talents Stabilization of Hunan Agricultural University(09WD19)~~
文摘The effects of potassium （K） application rates on the yield, fiber quality and K fertilizer use efficiency of three hybrid cotton varieties （Jin102, Xiangzamian8, Siyang328） were studied in field experiment. Fertilizer rates of K2O 135 and 270 kg/hm2, representing 1x and 2x recommended K rates, were applied, no application of k fertilizer as the CK. The results show that the lint yield increased 39.13%-57.48%with potassium application, highly significantly. Al yield components of the three hy-brid cotton varieties increased with the increase of K application amounts. The bol number per plant, single bol weight and lint percentage were increased by 14.24%-40.29%, 3.59%-15.51% and 0.16%-4.89%, respectively, and the fiber length and specific strength also increased with the increasing K application amounts, showing no significant influence on Micronaire. When the K application amounts increased from 135 to 270 kg/hm2, the partial factor productivity （PFPk） reduced by 45.93%-48.01%, and the agronomic efficiency （AEk） reduced by 37.1%-42.9%. The PFPk and KE （K efficiency coefficients） of S328 were the highest among the three varieties, which also showed the strongest resistance to low potassium stress, and with no potassi-um fertilizer application （K0）, the lint yield of S328 was 5.54% and 11.19% higher than that of X8 and J102. The AEk of J102 was the highest, and its reward of K fertilizer was the greatest among the three varieties.
文摘Recent research has found that L2 learners of high grammatical proficiency will not necessarily show concomitant pragmatic skills. On the basis of Danesi＇s Conceptual Fluency theory and actual learners＇ oral abilities, this research conducted two types of tests： a discourse-completion test and a dialogue-interpretation test. The research has found that L2 learners are often influenced by L1 conceptual system, and speeches are not necessarily appropriate and native-like.
基金The State Key Basic Research and Development Plan(G1998010100)The Innovative Foundation of Laboratory of Photosynthesis Basic Research,Insitute of Botany,The Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The photosynthetic functions and the sensitivity to photoinhibition were compared between two superhigh_yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100, the newly developed from two parental lines and traditional hybrid rice Shanyou 63 developed from three parental lines. The results showed that, as compared to Shanyou 63, the net photosynthetic rate of Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100 was 9.1% and 11.9% higher, the transpiration rate was 37.4% and 31.4% lower, and their water use efficiency was 74.2% and 63.5% higher respectively. After strong light (2 000 μmol photons·m -2 ·s -1 ) treatment for 2 h, the photochemical quantum yield and the photochemical quenching increased by 37.0% and 18.0% respectively in Liangyoupeijiu, 28.3% and 46.2% in X07S/Zihui 100, but decreased a little in Shanyou 63. The non_photochemical quenching decreased in Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100 (about 50%) but increased greatly in Shanyou 63 (about 50%). Better photosynthetic functions, higher water use efficiency and stronger resistance to photoinhibition, may be the physiological basis for the super high_yield of the two hybrid rice under study.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10571065.
文摘An alternative option pricing method is proposed based on a random walk market model. The minimal entropy martingale measure which adopts no arbitrage opportunity in the market, is deduced for this market model and is used as the pricing measure to evaluate European call options by a Monte Carlo simulation method. The proposed method is a purely data driven valuation method without any distributional assumption about the price process of underlying asset. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the canonical valuation method and the historical volatility-based Black-Scholes method in an artificial Black-Scholes world. The simulation results show that the proposed method has merits, and is valuable to financial engineering.
基金Project(51208261)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(12YJCZH062)supported by the Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science of ChinaProject(30920140132033)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘Bicycle-sharing system is considered as a green option to provide a better connection between scenic spots and nearby metro/bus stations. Allocating and optimizing the layout of bicycle-sharing system inside the scenic spot and around its influencing area are focused on. It is found that the terrain, land use, nearby transport network and scenery point distribution have significant impact on the allocation of bicycle-sharing system. While the candidate bicycle-sharing stations installed at the inner scenic points, entrances/exits and metro stations are fixed, the ones installed at bus-stations and other passenger concentration buildings are adjustable. Aiming at minimizing the total cycling distance and overlapping rate, an optimization model is proposed and solved based on the idea of cluster concept and greedy heuristic. A revealed preference/stated preference （RP/SP） combined survey was conducted at Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing, China, to get an insight into the touring trip characteristics and bicycle-sharing tendency. The results reveal that 39.81% visitors accept a cycling distance of 1-3 km and 62.50% respondents think that the bicycle-sharing system should charge an appropriate fee. The sttrvey indicates that there is high possibility to carry out a bicycle-sharing system at Xuanwu Lake. Optimizing the allocation problem cluster by cluster rather than using an exhaustive search method significantly reduces the computing amount from O（2^43） to O（43 2）. The 500 m-radius-coverage rate for the alternative optimized by 500 m-radius-cluster and 800 m-radius-cluster is 89.2% and 68.5%, respectively. The final layout scheme will provide decision makers engineering guidelines and theoretical support.
文摘Sign Writing, a writing system for sign language, is becoming a useful and convenient communication aid for people who are deaf. Principally, people who are deaf find it difficult to communicate with the hearing community and due to recent technological advancement they communicate amongst themselves and with the hearing community via text messaging on mobile phones. Existing messaging function is limited to writing based on the Roman alphabets or pictographic languages like Mandarin; writing in signs is deemed to be deficient in a mobile context. Hence, the aim of this paper is to examine the feasibility of writing and reading text messages in signs as an alternative communication mean besides Short Messaging Service （SMS）. Initial experimental results have significantly exemplified that sign writing gains well acceptance and is preferred among the hearing-impaired community to communicate within or between the hearing communities.
