The ultimate goal of new-type urbanization is to integrate urban and rural areas, which is influenced by various factors such as urban and rural populations, technology, capital, resources, etc. Accordingly, the need ...The ultimate goal of new-type urbanization is to integrate urban and rural areas, which is influenced by various factors such as urban and rural populations, technology, capital, resources, etc. Accordingly, the need and importance of economic, social, cultural, and ecological factors ought to be analyzed to promote new-type urbanization. In this paper, we first describe the driving factors of new-type urbanization, and then we conduct an empirical study on the driving factors of new-type urbanization and analyze the data with Logit model. Finally, it is put forward that more effort should be made to accelerate new-type urbanization in such aspects as top-down design, government support, social interaction, etc.展开更多
The policies resulting in urban-rural segmentation have not only directly impeded the transfer of labor from rural to urban areas,but also trapped the process of urbanization in a low-level equilibrium,as the negative...The policies resulting in urban-rural segmentation have not only directly impeded the transfer of labor from rural to urban areas,but also trapped the process of urbanization in a low-level equilibrium,as the negative effects are amplified by interdependencies between interpersonal decisions.This paper finds from the CHIPS2002 data that there is interdependence of rural residents' decision-making on labor migration from rural to urban areas,and the interdependence is strengthened by the exchange of information between rural residents.According to the simulation results of the models in this paper,China's rural-urban labor migration is indeed at a low-level equilibrium.To get rid of the low-level equilibrium,in addition to improving the level of education and promotion of information exchange among rural residents,it is more important to implement "big push " policies to eliminate institutional barriers to labor mobility and accelerate urbanization with the social interaction.展开更多
Organizations serving rural communities in Kenya have found use for media as a tool of replacement for personal interface in the daily communication with the beneficiaries of their programmes in deprived areas. The in...Organizations serving rural communities in Kenya have found use for media as a tool of replacement for personal interface in the daily communication with the beneficiaries of their programmes in deprived areas. The interactions between two non-governmental organizations （NGOs） and rural beneficiaries in Isinya, Kajiado County, provide case studies of how NGOs modernize their outreach via new media and how beneficiaries respond to the change. The research was not only concerned with the presence of information technology （IT） and online facilities in remote and deprived locations. It also evaluated responses to the replacement of person-to-person contact with technologies, such as social media, the Internet, Compact Disc-Read Only Memory （CD-ROMs）, and Digital Versatile Disc （DVDs）. Conducted in four focus groups, the research evaluated the uptake of new media technologies by beneficiaries following the transition, asked whether beneficiaries engaged with the materials being communicated, and assessed whether this confluence of technology and culture had eased the flow of communication, or unsettled it. Evidence of discomfort among the older （over 50-year-old） beneficiaries stemmed from fear of failure to master the technologies and a desire for a continuation of regular interpersonal interaction with the NGO field officers （whose field trips were scaled back in preference of computer-mediated communication）. However, younger （under 40-year-old） beneficiaries were less insistent on regular interpersonal visits and were appreciative of the use of technology, and of the building of Maarifa Centres to give the beneficiaries free access to internet, DVDs, and hard drive-based information materials. Another demographic, beneficiaries aged between 40 and 50 years old, said they were not comfortable with the change and wanted the interpersonal interaction to continue, but were open to a longer-term transition once the beneficiaries were all conversant with the uses of the new technologies. The study recommends a better managed transition that accommodated the beneficiaries’ fears, misgivings, and cultural preference for verbal, face-to-face consultation.展开更多
Numerous studies have looked at sustainable tourism as the key to balancing environmental conservation and development in agricultural heritage sites.A microcosm of the traditional rural productive landscape,the Noto ...Numerous studies have looked at sustainable tourism as the key to balancing environmental conservation and development in agricultural heritage sites.A microcosm of the traditional rural productive landscape,the Noto Satoyama Satoumi landscape has been designated as a pilot site for the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System （GIAHS） in Japan.This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of green tourism,focusing on the GIAHS program.The secondary objective is to explore the features of green tourism in Japan.First,the historic development and current state of green tourism in Japan is reviewed.The case in study is a typical green tourism project concerning an organization of farmers in the Noto Peninsula-the Shunran-no-Sato group.The question of how to develop green tourism in the context of the GIAHS project and considering the sustainable development of rural society and its farming systems by increasing incomes of rural households,is investigated.The study combined literature review and in-depth interviews with farm inn owners to investigate tourism development in the depopulated rural areas of Japan,examine its challenges,and present this information to international readers.展开更多
Transportation as a means to support industrial development can impact the economic development of important agricultural heritage sites. Because the central towns in mountainous areas have weak economic interactions ...Transportation as a means to support industrial development can impact the economic development of important agricultural heritage sites. Because the central towns in mountainous areas have weak economic interactions with each other, an appropriate method is needed to evaluate their transportation accessibility. This paper takes the Honghe Hani Rice Terraced System(HHRTS) as a study area and develops a model to determine shortest time-distances from central towns in the study area to the nearest high-grade city as a way to evaluate transportation accessibility(TA). We then analyze the relationship between the accessibility of these towns and their economies. The study finds that the TA of the central towns in HHRTS is not good as a whole. More than 70% of the towns are more than 1 hour away from their nearest high-grade city. Of the four counties in the study area, Yuanyang County has the best traffic conditions, while Lvchun County has the worst traffic conditions. The central towns in the northern and middle regions have better TA than those in the west, southwest and east margin regions. The small-scale rural economy has little dependence on the transportation network, while secondary industries are obviously impacted by the transportation network. In the future, to support the integrated development of industries in HHRTS, traffic conditions in each town should be improved appropriately according to the industrial orientation of the town, but excessive investments to construct roads irrespective of eco-environmental impacts and economic benefits should be avoided. Especially in the case of ecologically vulnerable towns, the building high-grade roads should be banned.展开更多
Objective： To date, there has been little information published on the death of rural road accident deaths. This study uses burden of injury method to explore a more accurate estimate of years of life lost due to roa...Objective： To date, there has been little information published on the death of rural road accident deaths. This study uses burden of injury method to explore a more accurate estimate of years of life lost due to road traffic crashes occurring over a four-year period in Guilan province, northern Iran. Methods： Rural road accident deaths from 2009 to 2013 were extracted from Iran＇s Forensic Medicine System, Death Registry System and Road Trauma Research center database. Results： During the study period, the average years of life lost due to motor vehicle crashes was 13.8 per 1 000 persons, ranging from 11.9 during March 2011- 2012 to 15.8 per 1 000 persons during March 2012-2013. Conclusion： Road accident deaths in 2013 remained at the same high level as in 2009. The information obtained from this study provides a new perspective on fatal road traffic crash victims in rural settings and show us that more attention is needed in this area.展开更多
：Objective：To study the epidemiologic characteristics of traffic injuries among people over 60 years old in the Nan＇ an district（urban）and Jiangjin district（rural）of Chongqing,and to discuss the corresponding s...：Objective：To study the epidemiologic characteristics of traffic injuries among people over 60 years old in the Nan＇ an district（urban）and Jiangjin district（rural）of Chongqing,and to discuss the corresponding strategies for its prevention and cure.Methods：Records of traffic injuries in people over 60 years old registered by the traffic police between 2000 and 2006 in Nan＇an district and Jiangjin district were collected in the Database of Road Traffic Accidents and Traffic Injuries.Epidemiologic characteristics of traffic injuries among the aged people were analyzed and compared.Results：Between the year 2000 and 2006,the average annual incidence of traffic injuries and mortality rate in the aged people in Nan＇ an district were 124.62/100 000 and 13.85/100 000 respectively,higher than that in Jiangjin district（27.49/100 000,7.13/100 000,P〈0.01）.However,the mortality rate for the aged people who were involved in traffic injuries in Jiangjin district was 20.60%,higher than that in Nan＇an district（10.00%,P〈0.01）.Head injury was the primary cause of death.Totally 76.58% of casualties were pedestrians.Over 90% of the traffic accidents occurred in the areas with no traffic signal or traffic control system.Conclusions：The traffic environment is unfavorable to the aged people.It is important to enhance traffic safety consciousness of drivers and the elderly and to strengthen traffic safety system and traffic law,so as to provide a safe road traffic environment for the aged people.展开更多
文摘The ultimate goal of new-type urbanization is to integrate urban and rural areas, which is influenced by various factors such as urban and rural populations, technology, capital, resources, etc. Accordingly, the need and importance of economic, social, cultural, and ecological factors ought to be analyzed to promote new-type urbanization. In this paper, we first describe the driving factors of new-type urbanization, and then we conduct an empirical study on the driving factors of new-type urbanization and analyze the data with Logit model. Finally, it is put forward that more effort should be made to accelerate new-type urbanization in such aspects as top-down design, government support, social interaction, etc.
基金Fund support from the National Social Science Funds(12AZD045,13&ZD015)Natural Science Foundation(71133004)is acknowledged
文摘The policies resulting in urban-rural segmentation have not only directly impeded the transfer of labor from rural to urban areas,but also trapped the process of urbanization in a low-level equilibrium,as the negative effects are amplified by interdependencies between interpersonal decisions.This paper finds from the CHIPS2002 data that there is interdependence of rural residents' decision-making on labor migration from rural to urban areas,and the interdependence is strengthened by the exchange of information between rural residents.According to the simulation results of the models in this paper,China's rural-urban labor migration is indeed at a low-level equilibrium.To get rid of the low-level equilibrium,in addition to improving the level of education and promotion of information exchange among rural residents,it is more important to implement "big push " policies to eliminate institutional barriers to labor mobility and accelerate urbanization with the social interaction.
文摘Organizations serving rural communities in Kenya have found use for media as a tool of replacement for personal interface in the daily communication with the beneficiaries of their programmes in deprived areas. The interactions between two non-governmental organizations （NGOs） and rural beneficiaries in Isinya, Kajiado County, provide case studies of how NGOs modernize their outreach via new media and how beneficiaries respond to the change. The research was not only concerned with the presence of information technology （IT） and online facilities in remote and deprived locations. It also evaluated responses to the replacement of person-to-person contact with technologies, such as social media, the Internet, Compact Disc-Read Only Memory （CD-ROMs）, and Digital Versatile Disc （DVDs）. Conducted in four focus groups, the research evaluated the uptake of new media technologies by beneficiaries following the transition, asked whether beneficiaries engaged with the materials being communicated, and assessed whether this confluence of technology and culture had eased the flow of communication, or unsettled it. Evidence of discomfort among the older （over 50-year-old） beneficiaries stemmed from fear of failure to master the technologies and a desire for a continuation of regular interpersonal interaction with the NGO field officers （whose field trips were scaled back in preference of computer-mediated communication）. However, younger （under 40-year-old） beneficiaries were less insistent on regular interpersonal visits and were appreciative of the use of technology, and of the building of Maarifa Centres to give the beneficiaries free access to internet, DVDs, and hard drive-based information materials. Another demographic, beneficiaries aged between 40 and 50 years old, said they were not comfortable with the change and wanted the interpersonal interaction to continue, but were open to a longer-term transition once the beneficiaries were all conversant with the uses of the new technologies. The study recommends a better managed transition that accommodated the beneficiaries’ fears, misgivings, and cultural preference for verbal, face-to-face consultation.
文摘Numerous studies have looked at sustainable tourism as the key to balancing environmental conservation and development in agricultural heritage sites.A microcosm of the traditional rural productive landscape,the Noto Satoyama Satoumi landscape has been designated as a pilot site for the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System （GIAHS） in Japan.This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of green tourism,focusing on the GIAHS program.The secondary objective is to explore the features of green tourism in Japan.First,the historic development and current state of green tourism in Japan is reviewed.The case in study is a typical green tourism project concerning an organization of farmers in the Noto Peninsula-the Shunran-no-Sato group.The question of how to develop green tourism in the context of the GIAHS project and considering the sustainable development of rural society and its farming systems by increasing incomes of rural households,is investigated.The study combined literature review and in-depth interviews with farm inn owners to investigate tourism development in the depopulated rural areas of Japan,examine its challenges,and present this information to international readers.
基金The International Exchange and Cooperation Project of Ministry of Agriculture "Conservation of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)in China in 2018"The Third-party Monitor and Assessment on Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Systems in 2018
文摘Transportation as a means to support industrial development can impact the economic development of important agricultural heritage sites. Because the central towns in mountainous areas have weak economic interactions with each other, an appropriate method is needed to evaluate their transportation accessibility. This paper takes the Honghe Hani Rice Terraced System(HHRTS) as a study area and develops a model to determine shortest time-distances from central towns in the study area to the nearest high-grade city as a way to evaluate transportation accessibility(TA). We then analyze the relationship between the accessibility of these towns and their economies. The study finds that the TA of the central towns in HHRTS is not good as a whole. More than 70% of the towns are more than 1 hour away from their nearest high-grade city. Of the four counties in the study area, Yuanyang County has the best traffic conditions, while Lvchun County has the worst traffic conditions. The central towns in the northern and middle regions have better TA than those in the west, southwest and east margin regions. The small-scale rural economy has little dependence on the transportation network, while secondary industries are obviously impacted by the transportation network. In the future, to support the integrated development of industries in HHRTS, traffic conditions in each town should be improved appropriately according to the industrial orientation of the town, but excessive investments to construct roads irrespective of eco-environmental impacts and economic benefits should be avoided. Especially in the case of ecologically vulnerable towns, the building high-grade roads should be banned.
文摘Objective： To date, there has been little information published on the death of rural road accident deaths. This study uses burden of injury method to explore a more accurate estimate of years of life lost due to road traffic crashes occurring over a four-year period in Guilan province, northern Iran. Methods： Rural road accident deaths from 2009 to 2013 were extracted from Iran＇s Forensic Medicine System, Death Registry System and Road Trauma Research center database. Results： During the study period, the average years of life lost due to motor vehicle crashes was 13.8 per 1 000 persons, ranging from 11.9 during March 2011- 2012 to 15.8 per 1 000 persons during March 2012-2013. Conclusion： Road accident deaths in 2013 remained at the same high level as in 2009. The information obtained from this study provides a new perspective on fatal road traffic crash victims in rural settings and show us that more attention is needed in this area.
文摘：Objective：To study the epidemiologic characteristics of traffic injuries among people over 60 years old in the Nan＇ an district（urban）and Jiangjin district（rural）of Chongqing,and to discuss the corresponding strategies for its prevention and cure.Methods：Records of traffic injuries in people over 60 years old registered by the traffic police between 2000 and 2006 in Nan＇an district and Jiangjin district were collected in the Database of Road Traffic Accidents and Traffic Injuries.Epidemiologic characteristics of traffic injuries among the aged people were analyzed and compared.Results：Between the year 2000 and 2006,the average annual incidence of traffic injuries and mortality rate in the aged people in Nan＇ an district were 124.62/100 000 and 13.85/100 000 respectively,higher than that in Jiangjin district（27.49/100 000,7.13/100 000,P〈0.01）.However,the mortality rate for the aged people who were involved in traffic injuries in Jiangjin district was 20.60%,higher than that in Nan＇an district（10.00%,P〈0.01）.Head injury was the primary cause of death.Totally 76.58% of casualties were pedestrians.Over 90% of the traffic accidents occurred in the areas with no traffic signal or traffic control system.Conclusions：The traffic environment is unfavorable to the aged people.It is important to enhance traffic safety consciousness of drivers and the elderly and to strengthen traffic safety system and traffic law,so as to provide a safe road traffic environment for the aged people.
