“行政处罚权交由”的规范阐释——基于《行政处罚法》第24条第1款之展开

《行政处罚法》新增第24条第1款“处罚权交由”规则,撼动了既有的行政处罚体制,使得行政处罚权在一定程度上向基层延伸。新法实施后遇到了诸多适用问题,故有必要明确其规范意旨,通过内、外部视角的融合,从行政权能与行政权限两方面进行细致阐释。在具体适用层面,“处罚权交由”的决定主体既可以是省级人大及其常委会,亦可以为省级政府,省级政府部门同样可以进一步明确权限分工;“处罚权交由”的承接主体则需要为处罚权的有效运行提供必要的体制保障;同时,应结合相对集中处罚权的适用领域对“处罚权交由”的范围进行限缩,并根据行政处罚种类的损益性对基层处罚措施进行必要之限制。

Variable-coordinate forward modeling of irregular surface based on dual-variable grid

The mapping method is a forward-modeling method that transforms the irregular surface to horizontal by mapping the rectangular grid as curved; moreover, the wave field calculations move from the physical domain to the calculation domain. The mapping method deals with the irregular surface and the low-velocity layer underneath it using a fine grid. For the deeper high-velocity layers, the use of a fine grid causes local oversampling. In addition, when the irregular surface is transformed to horizontal, the flattened interface below the surface is transformed to curved, which produces inaccurate modeling results because of the presence of ladder-like burrs in the simulated seismic wave. Thus, we propose the mapping method based on the dual-variable finite-difference staggered grid. The proposed method uses different size grid spacings in different regions and locally variable time steps to match the size variability of grid spacings. Numerical examples suggest that the proposed method requires less memory storage capacity and improves the computational efficiency compared with forward modeling methods based on the conventional grid.

我国引进REITs相关法律问题研究

房地产投资信托(Real Estate Investment Trusts,REITs)是起源于美国的一种房地产金融投资方式,是一种由房地产投资信托基金公司公开发行受益凭证,将投资者的不等额出资汇集成一定规模的信托资产,交由专门的投资管理机构加以管理,由基金券持有人按出资比例分享所获收益,共担风险的融资模式。REITs在本质上属于信托,即投资者将资金委托给房地产信托投资公司,后者通过对资金的管理将收益支付给投资者或受益人。

重庆市北碚区缙云幼儿园简介

重庆市北碚区缙云幼儿园前身为四川铁路广安幼儿园,2005年被北碚区政府接管后交由北碚区朝阳小学主办,并于2016年剥离朝阳小学独立建制。幼儿园占地面积8800平方米,建筑面积6617.3平方米,现有19个教学班,在园幼儿700余人,教职工100余人,是一所设施齐备、自然生态、环境雅致、教师队伍优化的幼儿园。幼儿园秉承“朝着阳光,快乐生长”的办园理念,以培养“健康生动,聪明灵动,自主能动,实践勤动.

一起白纸收条案

一起白纸收条案□刘宝林吴忠明□１９９５年７月，Ａ运输公司一大队出纳员去世后，大队领导为了清理她病前经管的单据和库存现金（含储蓄款），打开她所管的保险柜，发现柜内有一张公司干部Ｂ于１９９４年１１月１９日以临时白纸收条，取走现金１５６６０．３０元，大队领...

香港中小企业现状与前景

香港中小企业现状与前景刘炳均文香港当局规定，凡制造业雇用员工不超过１００人及非制造业雇用员工不超过５０人者，皆被视为中小企业。据资料显示，在一九九四年底香港共３０５，６７２家中小企业。到一九九五年底，此数下降到２９１，１１７家，占全港企业数目９８．２...

Effects of Cigarette Auxiliary Material Parameters on Release Amounts of Tar, CO and Free Radicals in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of cigarette auxiliary material parameters on release amounts of tar, CO and free radicals in cigarette mainstream smoke. [Method] The effects of cigarette paper air-permeability, cigarette paper gram weight, filter rod pressure drop and filter tip ventilating strength parameters on the release amounts of tar, CO and free radicals in cigarette mainstream smoke were investigated by single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. [Result] The cigarette paper air-permeability, filter rod pressure drop and filter tip ventilating strength showed significantly negative correlation with the release amounts of tar, CO and free radicals in cigarette mainstream smoke, to be specific, the cigarette paper air-permeability showed the greatest effect on the release amounts of tar and CO, filter tip ventilating strength showed the greatest effect on the release amounts of gaseous-phase free radicals and particulate-phase free radicals, while cigarette paper gram weight showed relatively slight effect on the release amounts of tar, CO and free radicals. Within the orthogonal experimental range, the optimal program is identified as cigarette paper airpermeability of 70 CU, filter rod pressure drop of 4500 Pa/unit, and filter tip ventilating strength of 60 CU. Compared to the results without optimization, the release amounts of tar, CO and free radicals after optimization were all reduced. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for the research of cigarette tar reduction and harm reduction.

Dynamic Routing Combined to Forecast the Behavior of Traffic in the City of Sao Paulo Using Neuro Fuzzy Network

The challenge of keeping and getting new customers drives the development of new practices to meet the consumption needs of increasingly tends to micro-segmentation of product and consumer market. The new consumption habits of brazilians brought new prospects for market. The objective of this paper is to develop of a dynamic vehicle routing system supported by the behavior of urban traffic in the city ofSao Paulo using Neuro Fuzzy Network. The methodology of this paper consists in the capture of relevant events that interfere with the flow of traffic of the city of Sao Paulo and implementation of a Fuzzy Neural Network trained with these events in order to foresee the traffic behavior. The system offers three labels of hierarchical routing, thus is possible to consider not only the basic factors of routing, but too external factors that directly influence on the flow of traffic and the disruption which may be avoided in large cities, through alternative routes （dynamic vehicle routing）. Predicting the behavior of traffic represents the strategic level routing, dynamic vehicle routing is the tactical level, and routing algorithms to the operational level. This paper will not be discussed the operational level.

Energy-Aware Traffic Routing with Named Data Networking

Greening Internet is an important issue now, which studies the way to reduce the increas- ing energy expenditure. Our work focuses on the network infrastructure and considers its energy awareness in traffic routing. We formulate the model by traffic engineering to achieve link rate a- daption, and also predict traffic matrices to pre- serve network stability. However, we realize that there is a tradeoff between network performance and energy efficiency, which is an obvious issue as Internet grows larger and larger. An essential cause is the huge traffic, and thus we try to fred its so- lution from a novel architecture called Named Data Networking （NDN） which tent in edge routers and can flexibly cache con- decrease the backbone traffic. We combine our methods with NDN, and finally improve both the network performance and the energy efficiency. Our work shows that it is effective, necessary and feasible to consider green- ing idea in the design of future Internet.

A Greedy Traffic Light and Queue Aware Routing Protocol for Urban VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs) require reliable data dissemination for time-sensitive public safety applications. An efficient routing protocol plays a vital role to achieve satisfactory network performance. It is well known that routing is a challenging problem in VANETs due to the fast-changing network typology caused by high mobility at both ends of transmission. Moreover, under urban environment, there are two non-negligible factors in routing protocol design, the non-uniform vehicle distribution caused by traffic lights, and the network congestion due to high traffic demand in rush hours. In this paper, we propose a greedy traffic light and queue aware routing protocol(GTLQR) which jointly considers the street connectivity, channel quality, relative distance, and queuing delay to alleviate the packet loss caused by vehicle clustering at the intersection and balance the traffic load among vehicles. Through performance evaluation, we show that our proposed protocol outperforms both TLRC and GLSR-L in terms of packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.

MILITARY MULTI-HOP ROUTING PROTOCOL

Military tactical network is one of the most important applications of ad hoc network. Currently the existing routing protocols are put forward based on the simple and universal network model which has the ability of multi-hop routing but cannot work efficiently in the special military applications. The narrow bandwidth and limited energy of the wireless network make general routing protocols seem to be more redundant. In order to satisfy military needs properly, this letter makes a detailed analysis of physical nodes and traffic distribution in military network, uses cross-layer design concept tbr reference, combines traffic characteristic of application layer with routing protocol design. It categorized routing problem as crucial routes and non-crucial routes which adopted separate maintenance methods. It not only realizes basic transmission function but also works efficiently. It is quite fit for military application.

Routing with constraint and wavelength assignment based on GMPLS support

To solve the routing and wavelength assignment problem in the optical network, this paper put forward the metric model with sparse wavelength conversion and routing algorithm with pruning （RAP） in order to efficiently realize the resource management in the unified way. Related methods with dynamic and adaptation characters considered the link state conditions and certain heuristic information. They can be applied to current network environments. In particular, the simulation was made according to the selfsimilar traffic and the results showed that the corresponding methods not only provided service differentiation but also reduced the overall average blocking Drobabilitv.

Economy

Shanghai International Gold Trading Center Starts Operation The Shanghai International Gold Trading Center was recently launched as the first international trading platform in China（Shanghai）Pilot Free Trade Zone（FTZ）.The Shanghai FTZ is also preparing to establish other international trading centers.In the Shanghai gold trading center,foreigners are allowed to invest in China’s gold market.According to Li Jun,

A rapid switching technology of IP data packet based on Multi-Protocol

The rapid development of network raise the role of WAN. As a large-scale backbone network, the failure of network components can lead to huge loss of data and revenue. How to improve the data switching speed and Quality of Service of network data is more and more important problem which Internet Server Provides cared. Multi-Protocol Lable Switching （MPLS） is a new WAN technology which is currently being standardized by IETF. This paper analysise the architecture of MPLS and describe the mechanism of label switching protocol. In addition, this study analyses the encapsulation of data packet at the Label Switching Routers which is on the boundary of MPLS network. A Label Switching Path （LSP） is built by Label Distribute Protocol in core network. A conclution of ＂one time routed, more times switching＂ routed was reached.

ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR THE ROTATION-EXCHANGE NETWORK

The paper proposes a new routing algorithm for the Rotation-Exchange (REn) network. The length of the path between any two nodes given by the algorithm is not more than (3/8)n2 + O(n), that is, the diameter of REn is not more than (3/8)n2 + O(n). This improves on a (1/2)n2 + O(n) routing algorithm proposed earlier.

BALANCE ROUTING TRAFFIC IN GENERALIZED SHUFFLE-EXCHANGE NETWORK

A methodology is proposed to handle problem that under equiproble address of packet traffic at the input port, Generalized Shuffle-Exchange Network (GSEN) routes traffic unevenly because of the unbalanced routing tags. The idea is to use routing tag according to probability, which can be evaluated by using Moore-Penrose inverse in matrix analysis. An instance is used to illustrate the idea, and the simulation is done to show the improvement in performance issues.

Inter-domain routing and wavelength assignment based on source routing in ASON

The inter-domain and intra-domain routings are treated jointly with dynamically distributed algorithms in automatically switched optical networks （ASON） based on source routing. The proposed algorithms are discussed through numerical calculations. The routing loops can be avoided efficiently and the inter-domain signaling complexity is reduced significantly. The performance of the blocking probability is also improved.

Value Disclosure of Young Adults Through Social Media in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region as an Emerging Democracy

This study examines how accurate young adults in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, as an emerging democracy in the Middle East, express their core values through social media （Facebook in this context）. It also explores whether privacy affects with value disclosure. Findings show that value disclosure and definition of privacy varied greatly among respondents and from one value to another. Based on in-depth interview with 12 young adults, the study finds that religious, social, and cultural values have been easily and freely expressed on Facebook accounts by the majority of young adults, whereas other values such as honesty, freedom of speech, and political beliefs are being held by others mainly for privacy issues and political reasons. Democracy was a core value for some young adults seeking to make sense of the western principles of democracy and that reflect on their Facebook account. Results suggest that male respondents practice more freedom and less caution about their privacy than the female respondents on Facebook.

AN ANALYSIS ON LARGE-SCALE AIR-SEA INTERACTIVE LINKAGES BETWEEN THE TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN AND THE PACIFIC OCEAN DURING ENSO EVENTS

By utilizing a 3-D atmospheric circulation resolving method, the authors studied the air-sea interactive linkages between the tropical Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in 1979-2008 E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） events. Their findings showed that evident 3-D gear-coupling characteristics existed in the 1979-2008 ENSO events. Their resolving analyses also suggested that the general circulation showed stronger and wider sinking motions over the eastern Indian Ocean-western Pacific during the mature phase of 1979-2008 ENSO events, compared with the vertical velocities from the U.S. National Centers for Enviornmental Prediction （NCEP） reanalysis data. With their 3-D analysis method, the vertical velocity was resolved by two components, i.e. zonal and meridional components. It was found that the zonal component of the vertical velocities showed a strong sinking motion while the meridional components showed an upward motion during the prevailing phases of the ENSO events. In the tropics, the zonal component of the vertical velocities was found greater than the meridional component, reflecting the dominant characteristics of the vertical velocity, and the overall outcomes showed a strong sinking motion, although the two components also partially offset each other in the processes. Compared with the vertical velocities from NCEP reanalysis, the vertical motions calculated with the 3-D resolving analysis method demonstrate some advantages.

A coarse-grained differentiated routing algorithm in multi-protocol label switching traffic engineering

A new coarse-grained differentiated least interference routing algorithm(CDLI) with DiffServ-Aware was presented.This algorithm is composed of off-line and on-line stages,taking into account both real-time traffic and best-effort traffic.Off-line stage is to determine the shortest path set disjointed path(DP) database for real-time traffic,and to identify link critical value by traffic profile information of real-time traffic and DP database.On-line stage is at first to select route in the DP database for real-time traffic,if there is no path to meet the needs,the dynamic routing will be operated.On-line routing algorithm chooses the relatively short path for real-time traffic to meet their bandwidth requirements,and for best-effort traffic it chooses a lighter load path.The simulation results show that compared with the dynamic online routing algorithm(DORA) and constrained shortest path first(CSPF) algorithm,the new algorithm can significantly improve network throughput and reduce the average path length of real-time traffic.This guarantees quality of service(QoS) of real-time traffic while improving the utilization of network resources.