交通安全服务水平(level of service of safety,LOSS)是国内外交通安全研究领域的新概念,用来描述道路的交通安全状况和道路为交通参与者提供交通安全服务的一种质量指标。系统地介绍了交通安全服务水平的国内外研究现状、概念定义、应...交通安全服务水平(level of service of safety,LOSS)是国内外交通安全研究领域的新概念,用来描述道路的交通安全状况和道路为交通参与者提供交通安全服务的一种质量指标。系统地介绍了交通安全服务水平的国内外研究现状、概念定义、应用和研究内容,研究了分级指标的选取,提出了σ理论的交通安全服务水平划分方法,分级量化了我国平原和山区高速公路的交通安全服务水平。交通安全服务水平作为定量评价交通安全的一种新方法,不仅可以用来描述改善交通安全的潜力有多大,而且可以作为交通安全改造工程实施对象的参考。展开更多
In order to improve crash occurrence models to account for the influence of various contributing factors, a conditional autoregressive negative binomial （CAR-NB） model is employed to allow for overdispersion （tackl...In order to improve crash occurrence models to account for the influence of various contributing factors, a conditional autoregressive negative binomial （CAR-NB） model is employed to allow for overdispersion （tackled by the NB component）, unobserved heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation （captured by the CAR process）, using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and the Gibbs sampler. Statistical tests suggest that the CAR-NB model is preferred over the CAR-Poisson, NB, zero-inflated Poisson, zero-inflated NB models, due to its lower prediction errors and more robust parameter inference. The study results show that crash frequency and fatalities are positively associated with the number of lanes, curve length, annual average daily traffic （AADT） per lane, as well as rainfall. Speed limit and the distances to the nearest hospitals have negative associations with segment-based crash counts but positive associations with fatality counts, presumably as a result of worsened collision impacts at higher speed and time loss during transporting crash victims.展开更多
Involvement in road traffic crashes as vehicle occupants is a leading cause of death and serious injury among children. The objective of this study was to investigate crash severity factors and child safety restraint ...Involvement in road traffic crashes as vehicle occupants is a leading cause of death and serious injury among children. The objective of this study was to investigate crash severity factors and child safety restraint use characteristics in order to identify effective countermeasures to increase children＇s highway safety. Characteristics and percentages of restraint use among child passengers aged 4-13 years were examined using highway crash data from Kansas. The association between restraint use, injury severity and characteristics of children involved in crashes were investigated using OR （odds ratios） and a logistic regression model, which was used to identify risk factors. Results showed that children, who were unrestrained, were seated in the front seat, traveling with drunk drivers and on rural roads, and traveling during nighttime was more vulnerable to severe injury in the case of motor vehicle crashes. The most frequent contributing causes related to crashes involving children included driver＇s inattention while driving, failure to yield right-of-way, driving too fast, wet roads and animals in the road. Based on identified critical factors, general countermeasure ideas to improve children＇s traffic safety were suggested, including age-appropriate and size-appropriate seat belt restraints and having children seated in the rear seat. Parents and children must gain better education regarding these safety measures in order to increase child safety on the road.展开更多
安全服务水平(Level of Service of Safety,简称LOSS)是国内外交通安全研究领域的新概念,用来描述交通设施的安全状况和交通设施为交通参与者提供安全服务的一种质量指标。系统地介绍了安全服务水平的国内外研究现状、概念定义、应用和...安全服务水平(Level of Service of Safety,简称LOSS)是国内外交通安全研究领域的新概念,用来描述交通设施的安全状况和交通设施为交通参与者提供安全服务的一种质量指标。系统地介绍了安全服务水平的国内外研究现状、概念定义、应用和研究内容,研究了分级指标的选取,提出了σ理论的安全服务水平划分方法,分级量化了我国平原和山区高速公路的安全服务水平。安全服务水平作为定量评价交通安全的一种新方法,不仅可以用来描述改善交通安全的潜力有多大,而且可以作为安全改造工程实施对象的参考。展开更多
文摘交通安全服务水平(level of service of safety,LOSS)是国内外交通安全研究领域的新概念,用来描述道路的交通安全状况和道路为交通参与者提供交通安全服务的一种质量指标。系统地介绍了交通安全服务水平的国内外研究现状、概念定义、应用和研究内容,研究了分级指标的选取,提出了σ理论的交通安全服务水平划分方法,分级量化了我国平原和山区高速公路的交通安全服务水平。交通安全服务水平作为定量评价交通安全的一种新方法,不仅可以用来描述改善交通安全的潜力有多大,而且可以作为交通安全改造工程实施对象的参考。
基金The National Science Foundation by Changjiang Scholarship of Ministry of Education of China(No.BCS-0527508)the Joint Research Fund for Overseas Natural Science of China(No.51250110075)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.SBK200910046)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.0901005C)
文摘In order to improve crash occurrence models to account for the influence of various contributing factors, a conditional autoregressive negative binomial （CAR-NB） model is employed to allow for overdispersion （tackled by the NB component）, unobserved heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation （captured by the CAR process）, using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and the Gibbs sampler. Statistical tests suggest that the CAR-NB model is preferred over the CAR-Poisson, NB, zero-inflated Poisson, zero-inflated NB models, due to its lower prediction errors and more robust parameter inference. The study results show that crash frequency and fatalities are positively associated with the number of lanes, curve length, annual average daily traffic （AADT） per lane, as well as rainfall. Speed limit and the distances to the nearest hospitals have negative associations with segment-based crash counts but positive associations with fatality counts, presumably as a result of worsened collision impacts at higher speed and time loss during transporting crash victims.
文摘Involvement in road traffic crashes as vehicle occupants is a leading cause of death and serious injury among children. The objective of this study was to investigate crash severity factors and child safety restraint use characteristics in order to identify effective countermeasures to increase children＇s highway safety. Characteristics and percentages of restraint use among child passengers aged 4-13 years were examined using highway crash data from Kansas. The association between restraint use, injury severity and characteristics of children involved in crashes were investigated using OR （odds ratios） and a logistic regression model, which was used to identify risk factors. Results showed that children, who were unrestrained, were seated in the front seat, traveling with drunk drivers and on rural roads, and traveling during nighttime was more vulnerable to severe injury in the case of motor vehicle crashes. The most frequent contributing causes related to crashes involving children included driver＇s inattention while driving, failure to yield right-of-way, driving too fast, wet roads and animals in the road. Based on identified critical factors, general countermeasure ideas to improve children＇s traffic safety were suggested, including age-appropriate and size-appropriate seat belt restraints and having children seated in the rear seat. Parents and children must gain better education regarding these safety measures in order to increase child safety on the road.
文摘安全服务水平(Level of Service of Safety,简称LOSS)是国内外交通安全研究领域的新概念,用来描述交通设施的安全状况和交通设施为交通参与者提供安全服务的一种质量指标。系统地介绍了安全服务水平的国内外研究现状、概念定义、应用和研究内容,研究了分级指标的选取,提出了σ理论的安全服务水平划分方法,分级量化了我国平原和山区高速公路的安全服务水平。安全服务水平作为定量评价交通安全的一种新方法,不仅可以用来描述改善交通安全的潜力有多大,而且可以作为安全改造工程实施对象的参考。
