交通相关空气污染(traffic-related air pollution,TRAP)严重危害人群健康。本文按照婴幼儿、儿童、成人、老年人4个年龄段人群,综述国内外TRAP暴露对健康影响研究进展。TRAP的健康风险主要包括其对不良妊娠结局(早产、低出生体重等)、...交通相关空气污染(traffic-related air pollution,TRAP)严重危害人群健康。本文按照婴幼儿、儿童、成人、老年人4个年龄段人群,综述国内外TRAP暴露对健康影响研究进展。TRAP的健康风险主要包括其对不良妊娠结局(早产、低出生体重等)、围产期疾病、神经系统发育疾病(认知发展障碍、智力发育等)、心脑血管系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病(哮喘、咳嗽,上呼吸道感染等)、癌症、阿尔茨海默病等的不良影响,且对不同年龄段人群有着不同的潜在风险。展望TRAP暴露估计精度的提高以及提高交通暴露标志物选择的代表性成为未来研究的突破点。展开更多
随着社会经济和城市化进程的快速发展,空气污染问题已成为亟需解决的社会问题,其对人体健康的负面影响越来越得到公众关注。交通相关空气污染（traffic-related air pollution,TRAP）是指机动车、火车、飞机等当代主要运输工具燃烧煤或...随着社会经济和城市化进程的快速发展,空气污染问题已成为亟需解决的社会问题,其对人体健康的负面影响越来越得到公众关注。交通相关空气污染（traffic-related air pollution,TRAP）是指机动车、火车、飞机等当代主要运输工具燃烧煤或石油后,排放出烟、尘和有害气体所造成的空气污染;是当前大城市空气污染的主要来源。展开更多
本文总结了在评估交通相关空气污染(traffic-related air pollution,TRAP)健康效应研究中定量TRAP的主要方法及其优缺点。TRAP暴露评估的研究目前主要集中在外暴露和内暴露两种评估手段。交通外暴露的定量工作主要依赖于交通相关指标(...本文总结了在评估交通相关空气污染(traffic-related air pollution,TRAP)健康效应研究中定量TRAP的主要方法及其优缺点。TRAP暴露评估的研究目前主要集中在外暴露和内暴露两种评估手段。交通外暴露的定量工作主要依赖于交通相关指标(距离道路远近、交通强度等)或基于模型(空气质量扩散模型、土地利用模型、混合个体模型等)对交通相关空气污染物浓度进行预测;前者作为TRAP长期效应的一种可替代指标,能够在较小的空间尺度范围内捕捉交通排放的长期变化,且是考虑了除交通相关空气污染物以外其他环境风险的综合性指标,但往往会忽视受到众多不同交通水平的道路复合影响的住宅及个体,并且无法考虑气象等条件的影响,而后者可以在不建立密集监测网络的前提下较好地描述污染物的时空变异性,但数据质量和精度是限制模型输出精度的主要条件。还有部分研究选取特异性生物标志物作为交通内暴露的替代,如苯巯基尿酸、反式,反式-戊酸、1-羟基芘、微核率。本综述旨在为评估TRAP和不同疾病之间相关性的流行病学研究提供理论依据,深入探寻相关机制问题。展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to analyze water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem in Luancheng County of Hebei Province. [Method] Based on data of water and heat flux, and CO2 fluxes, routine ...[Objective] The aim was to analyze water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem in Luancheng County of Hebei Province. [Method] Based on data of water and heat flux, and CO2 fluxes, routine meteorological and biomass data in Luancheng in 2008, water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem were explored. [Result] The results showed that latent and sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were of obvious daily and seasonal changes; latent and sensible heat fluxes shaped an inverted U in daily change, and CO2 fluxes were of a U-shape; daily flux peak differed significantly. Furthermore, the change of latent heat, sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were closely related to environ- mental factors. Detailedly, the three were sensitive to light intensity and net radiation, and correlation coefficients were 0.92, 0.66, 0.65 and 0.90, 0.69, 0.74, respectively. Besides, the fluxes, sensitive to temperature, proved better in sunny day, especially for latent flux which is more sensitive to water in soils after precipitation. In addition, closure degree of energy balance in wheat fields was 0.91 and non-closure, caused by measurement error and neglection of heat storage, was observed, too. What＇s more. closure degree differed in months and time periods within a day. [Conclusion] The research concluded water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes, transport mechanisms and concerning factors, providing scientific reference for revealing mechanism of evapo- ration and heat dissipation of canopy, relationship between photosynthesis and water use efficiencyand energy distribution mechanism.展开更多
Recent research has revealed that human exposure to air pollutants such as CO, NO_x, and particulates can lead to respiratory diseases, especially among school-age children. Towards understanding such health impacts, ...Recent research has revealed that human exposure to air pollutants such as CO, NO_x, and particulates can lead to respiratory diseases, especially among school-age children. Towards understanding such health impacts, this work estimates local-scale vehicular emissions and concentrations near a highway traffic network, where a school zone is located in. In the case study, VISSIM traffic micro-simulation is used to estimate the source of vehicular emissions at each roadway segment. The local-scale emission sources are then used as inputs to the California line source dispersion model(CALINE4) to estimate concentrations across the study area. To justify the local-scale emissions modeling approach, the simulation experiment is conducted under various traffic conditions. Different meteorological conditions are considered for emission dispersion. The work reveals that emission concentrations are usually higher at locations closer to the congested segments, freeway ramps and major arterial intersections. Compared to the macroscopic estimation(i.e. using network-average emission factors), the results show significantly different emission patterns when the local-scale emission modeling approach is used. In particular, it is found that the macroscopic approach over-estimates emission concentrations at freeways and under-estimations are observed at arterials and local streets. The results of the study can be used to compare to the US environmental protection agency(EPA) standards or any other air quality standard to further identify health risk in a fine-grained manner.展开更多
文摘交通相关空气污染(traffic-related air pollution,TRAP)严重危害人群健康。本文按照婴幼儿、儿童、成人、老年人4个年龄段人群,综述国内外TRAP暴露对健康影响研究进展。TRAP的健康风险主要包括其对不良妊娠结局(早产、低出生体重等)、围产期疾病、神经系统发育疾病(认知发展障碍、智力发育等)、心脑血管系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病(哮喘、咳嗽,上呼吸道感染等)、癌症、阿尔茨海默病等的不良影响,且对不同年龄段人群有着不同的潜在风险。展望TRAP暴露估计精度的提高以及提高交通暴露标志物选择的代表性成为未来研究的突破点。
文摘随着社会经济和城市化进程的快速发展,空气污染问题已成为亟需解决的社会问题,其对人体健康的负面影响越来越得到公众关注。交通相关空气污染（traffic-related air pollution,TRAP）是指机动车、火车、飞机等当代主要运输工具燃烧煤或石油后,排放出烟、尘和有害气体所造成的空气污染;是当前大城市空气污染的主要来源。
文摘本文总结了在评估交通相关空气污染(traffic-related air pollution,TRAP)健康效应研究中定量TRAP的主要方法及其优缺点。TRAP暴露评估的研究目前主要集中在外暴露和内暴露两种评估手段。交通外暴露的定量工作主要依赖于交通相关指标(距离道路远近、交通强度等)或基于模型(空气质量扩散模型、土地利用模型、混合个体模型等)对交通相关空气污染物浓度进行预测;前者作为TRAP长期效应的一种可替代指标,能够在较小的空间尺度范围内捕捉交通排放的长期变化,且是考虑了除交通相关空气污染物以外其他环境风险的综合性指标,但往往会忽视受到众多不同交通水平的道路复合影响的住宅及个体,并且无法考虑气象等条件的影响,而后者可以在不建立密集监测网络的前提下较好地描述污染物的时空变异性,但数据质量和精度是限制模型输出精度的主要条件。还有部分研究选取特异性生物标志物作为交通内暴露的替代,如苯巯基尿酸、反式,反式-戊酸、1-羟基芘、微核率。本综述旨在为评估TRAP和不同疾病之间相关性的流行病学研究提供理论依据,深入探寻相关机制问题。
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31100359)A Project Funded by the Proiority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to analyze water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem in Luancheng County of Hebei Province. [Method] Based on data of water and heat flux, and CO2 fluxes, routine meteorological and biomass data in Luancheng in 2008, water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem were explored. [Result] The results showed that latent and sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were of obvious daily and seasonal changes; latent and sensible heat fluxes shaped an inverted U in daily change, and CO2 fluxes were of a U-shape; daily flux peak differed significantly. Furthermore, the change of latent heat, sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were closely related to environ- mental factors. Detailedly, the three were sensitive to light intensity and net radiation, and correlation coefficients were 0.92, 0.66, 0.65 and 0.90, 0.69, 0.74, respectively. Besides, the fluxes, sensitive to temperature, proved better in sunny day, especially for latent flux which is more sensitive to water in soils after precipitation. In addition, closure degree of energy balance in wheat fields was 0.91 and non-closure, caused by measurement error and neglection of heat storage, was observed, too. What＇s more. closure degree differed in months and time periods within a day. [Conclusion] The research concluded water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes, transport mechanisms and concerning factors, providing scientific reference for revealing mechanism of evapo- ration and heat dissipation of canopy, relationship between photosynthesis and water use efficiencyand energy distribution mechanism.
文摘Recent research has revealed that human exposure to air pollutants such as CO, NO_x, and particulates can lead to respiratory diseases, especially among school-age children. Towards understanding such health impacts, this work estimates local-scale vehicular emissions and concentrations near a highway traffic network, where a school zone is located in. In the case study, VISSIM traffic micro-simulation is used to estimate the source of vehicular emissions at each roadway segment. The local-scale emission sources are then used as inputs to the California line source dispersion model(CALINE4) to estimate concentrations across the study area. To justify the local-scale emissions modeling approach, the simulation experiment is conducted under various traffic conditions. Different meteorological conditions are considered for emission dispersion. The work reveals that emission concentrations are usually higher at locations closer to the congested segments, freeway ramps and major arterial intersections. Compared to the macroscopic estimation(i.e. using network-average emission factors), the results show significantly different emission patterns when the local-scale emission modeling approach is used. In particular, it is found that the macroscopic approach over-estimates emission concentrations at freeways and under-estimations are observed at arterials and local streets. The results of the study can be used to compare to the US environmental protection agency(EPA) standards or any other air quality standard to further identify health risk in a fine-grained manner.
