茶树菇复合群系统类群及交配分析

茶树菇复合群是一类具有重要经济价值的菌类,其菌株资源多样,命名混乱。为给育种工作提供参考依据,利用线粒体小亚基V4-6-9区序列和交配,对4个代表菌株进行分子和交配特征分析。结果表明:(1)线粒体小亚基序列作为类群区分的有效标记,有效区分杨柳田头菇类群、茶树菇/茶薪菇类群和杨树菇类群;(2)交配特征显示杨柳田头菇为独立生物学种,而其他类群属同一生物学种,建议使用茶树菇这一名称。研究结果可为茶树菇资源鉴定及育种研究提供参考。

新生隐球菌交配型分析试验方法和培养基的研究

比较观察了Hayagar(HA)、Matingagar (MA)、Haycubeagar (HCA)、稻壳琼脂(RSA)、富营养Hayagar(IHA)以及沙保弱培养基 (SDA) 6种培养基的新生隐球菌交配试验效果。按 2周内产生阳性结果排列培养基的次序是HCA(95% )、RSA(95% )、HA(86% )、MA(38% )、SDA(38% )和IHA(2 4 % )。采用点状可以替代划线接种方法用于处理大批量标本并节省材料。此外 。

香菇交配型因子次级重组体的鉴定

对13个香菇菌株的担孢子后代进行了交配型分析,其中8个菌株非亲和反应与亲和反应之比与预期的3∶1的比例无显著差异。另外5个菌株非亲和反应与亲和反应之比不符合3∶1,其中4个菌株在0.05显著水平的X2值仅略高于理论值,而另一菌株HL01具有特殊的表现,其单核体132个随机配对的非亲和反应与亲和反应之比为82∶50,X2值显著偏离3∶1的临界值。用4个标准测试菌株鉴定了来自HL01同一子实体的189个孢子单核体的交配型,在189个单核体中,161个单核体归于4种正常交配型(A1B1,A2B2,A1B2,A2B1)之一。而另外28个可能源于次级重组的单核体可分成另外4个类群。通过以所有可能的组合进行配对杂交,进一步分析了28个单核体的交配型。结果表明,次级重组同时在A因子和B因子中发生,重组值分别为8.5%和11.6%。A因子至少由2个亚基组成而B因子可能由不止2个亚基组成。随后的出菇试验表明,至少含有1个重组体的所有可亲和配对均具有结实能力。

培养基转换法下香菇交配型的准确鉴定

在利用原生质体单核化对5个供试香菇(Lentinula edodes)菌株进行常规交配型分析的基础上,采用培养基转换法对各菌株孢子单核体的交配型组合进行了鉴定。结果表明,应用培养基转换法可以观察到3种形态明显不同的菌落,即由A≠B≠配对形成的具锁状联合的绒毛状菌落、由A≠B=配对形成的无锁状联合的栅栏型菌落及由A=B≠配对形成的无锁状联合的绒毛状菌落。由于该方法可清楚区分通常无明确形态差异的A=B≠和A≠B=反应,因此,用于香菇孢子单核体交配型因子的准确鉴定是行之有效的。

香菇自然群体中个体间的空间分布及其遗传联系

应用体细胞不亲和性反应、交配型因子分析和基因组ＤＮＡ的ＲＡＰＤ分析，研究了一个分布于方圆约１ｋｍ的６根倒木上的１８个香菇野生菌株间的遗传差异。结果表明，该群体大多数菌株间配对（８０．４％）体细胞不亲和，而同一倒木菌株间配对的体细胞亲和率达 ６２．５％。不同倒木菌株间未发现体细胞亲和的配对。该群体存在 １１个特异的Ａ因子和７个特异的Ｂ因子。同一倒木的菌株有的交配型因子相同，有的则不同。不同倒木的菌株大多数交配型因子不同，未发现交配型因子完全相同的菌株。ＲＡＰＤ分析显示，体细胞亲和的菌株，交配型因子完全相同的菌株，在基于ＤＮＡ相似系数的遗传相关聚类中，首先聚为小类。总起来看，在自然群体中，香菇个体间的遗传差异与其空间分布之间存在一定的联系，随着空间距离的增大，菌株间的异质性相应增高。

Changes of Estrogen in Serum and Estrogen Receptor β in the Relevant Brain Regions Following Mating Behavior of the Male Mandarin Vole Microtus mandarinus

In order to investigate the estrogen and estrogen receptor β changes after mating behavior of male mandarin vole （Microtus mandarinus）, the radioimmunoassay （RIA） and immunohistochemistry methods were used to investigate changes of the serum estrogen （E） concentrations, estrogen immunoreactive neurons （E-IRs） and estrogen receptor β immunoreactive neurons （ERβ-IRs） in the relevant brain regions following mating behavior. Fifteen sexually matured male voles were randomly divided into three groups and treated differently： （1） control group： voles were exposed to clean hard-wood shavings （n=5）, （2） exposure group： voles were exposed to the soiled bedding for more than 24h on which estrous females had been placed （n=5）, and （3） mating group： voles were placed with an estrous female for more than 24h （n=5）. The results showed circulating serum E concentrations were significantly higher in the mating group than in the exposure group and the control group, and there were no significant difference between the exposure group and the control group. E-IRs and ERβ-IRs were detected in the following brain regions related to mating behavior： the arcuate nucleus （ARC）, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis （BST）, lateral septal nucleus （LS）, medial amygdaloid nucleus （ME）, medial preoptic area （MPO） and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus （VMH）. The results showed that there were significantly more E-IRs in the six brain regions in the mating group than in the control group and the exposure group, and there were no significant difference between the exposure group and the control group except for LS. There was no significant difference in ERβ-IRs in the six brain regions among the three groups, and there were some lighter -stained ERβ-IRs in these brain regions. The results suggested that estrogen affect mating activity of male mandarin voles, but ERβ might not play an important role in mating behavior of male mandarin voles. Instead, it might be through other receptors.

Distributional Effects of Transport Taxes： An Incidence Analysis

Wider use of economic instruments in the field of environmental and energy policy provides several benefits. These instruments not only create market-based incentives for environmentally friendly behaviors but also represent effective opportunities to collect revenues. In this context, energy and transport-related taxes play a major role, even if their extensive use has raised several concerns over equity issues. The main objective of the paper is to investigate the redistributive burden of existing transport taxes on Italian households. An incidence analysis is carried out on a sample of more than 23,000 Italian families for the year 2009. Some alternative policy options are also analyzed to provide some suggestions on how to countervail the potential negative regressive effects that might arise. We find that vehicle ownership taxes, if properly set, can represent a promising opportunity to blend together budget and equity needs. To obtain a better indication of the progressivity or regressivity of certain policy designs, we rely on some summary indexes, such as the Kakwani measure of progressivity and the Reynolds-Smolensky measure of redistributive capacity of a tax.

A Stream Pattern Matching Method for Traffic Analysis

In order to identify any traces of suspicious activities for the networks security, Network Traffic Analysis has been the basis of network security and network management. With the continued emergence of new applications and encrypted traffic, the currently available approaches can not perform well for all kinds of network data. In this paper, we propose a novel stream pattern matching technique which is not only easily deployed but also includes the advantages of different methods. The main idea is： first, defining a formal description specification, by which any series of data stream can be unambiguously descrbed by a special stream pattern; then a tree representation is constructed by parsing the stream pattern; at last, a stream pattern engine is constructed with the Non-t-mite automata （S-CG-NFA） and Bit-parallel searching algorithms. Our stream pattern analysis system has been fully prototyped on C programming language and Xilinx Vn-tex2 FPGA. The experimental results show the method could provides a high level of recognition efficiency and accuracy.

观光木片断化居群的遗传多样性和交配系统

观光木(Tsoongiodendron odorum)是我国特有的濒危植物,有居群较小、间断分布的特点。为探讨生境片断化对观光木居群的遗传多样性和交配系统的影响,我们采用8对微卫星引物对采自广东南昆山的观光木片断化居群的61个成株和15个家系共780个种子进行了基因分型,调查了5个空间隔离的斑块中观光木的两代遗传多样性以及各个层次(居群、斑块及个体)的交配系统参数。结果显示:片断化生境中观光木成株遗传多样性水平适中(HE=0.522),种子遗传多样性比成株稍低(HE=0.499),但没有显著的差异,近交系数在种子中也没有显著的升高,暗示生境片断化并没有侵蚀观光木的遗传多样性;多位点交配系统分析(MLTR)结果表明,该片断化生境中观光木为高度异交树种(tm=1.000),只有较少的双亲近交(biparental inbreeding)和相关性交配(correlated mating)事件发生,但有效花粉供体(effective pollen donor)数目较少(Nep为3.7-5.4);5个斑块间异交率差异不明显,但小的斑块有效花粉供体相对较多;另外,观光木个体之间的异交率存在明显差异,少数个体存在自交现象。这些结果为濒危物种观光木的长期保护提供了重要的遗传学信息。