fruitless在桔小实蝇求偶和交配行为中的作用

【目的】fruitless(fru)是昆虫求偶和交配行为中的关键基因,但是其在桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis中的具体功能尚不清楚。本研究旨在明确fru在桔小实蝇求偶交配行为中的作用,进一步明确fru的生物学意义。【方法】根据NCBI上桔小实蝇fru的预测序列设计两端引物,以桔小实蝇羽化10 d已交配的成虫头部cDNA为模板克隆fru基因的全长cDNA,并对其编码蛋白的结构域进行预测。通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测该基因在桔小实蝇交配前后表达量的变化。待合成fru基因的dsRNA后,注射到羽化9 d后的桔小实蝇雄成虫腹部进行RNAi,分别于注射后48 h和72 h取样,检测fru基因的相对表达量;并于RNAi后72 h进行求偶交配行为观察,测定桔小实蝇的交配频率和交配持续时间。【结果】克隆获得桔小实蝇fru的全长cDNA,长2865 bp,编码954个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量104.1 kD,等点为6.01。该基因所编码的蛋白具有特殊结构域,分别为一个BTB(Broad-complex,Tramtrack and Bric-a-bric)结构域和两个锌指(zinc finger)结构域。RT-qPCR结果表明,相比未交配的桔小实蝇成虫,fru基因在雄成虫头部中的表达量在与雌成虫交配后显著上升。相对于空白对照组(注射DEPC水)和阴性对照组(注射ds GFP),注射ds fru的RNAi处理组的雄性求偶时间延长(延长了25~35 min),且交配频率下降(降低了17%~22%),说明fru基因在雄性桔小实蝇的求偶交配行为中发挥着重要作用。【结论】本研究结果为明确fru在非模式昆虫桔小实蝇求偶交配行为中的功能提供参考,并为深入研究桔小实蝇的求偶交配行为和绿色防控提供了理论基础。

Elimination Mechanism and Equilibrium Model about Complete Linkage of Panmixis Based on Fitness

[Objective]The aim was to discuss elimination mechanism and equilibrium model about complete linkage gene of panmixis based on fitness.[Method]A mathematical model that gsgenerational evalution of frequency of panmixis two pairs of complete linkage gene under difference fitness was built by using difference equations to study elimination mechanism and genetic equilibrium state of panncticcoinplete linkage gene.[Result]The panmixis is different from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium which reached the equilibrium just by one generation.A method that by using linear equation to calculate the frequency of four gametes and the fitnessed of panmixis was established after detormining is the fitness of 10 genotypes the necessary and sufficient condition of the panmixis to reach balance.[Conclusion]The method is valuable for reference on linkage disequilibrium and hitchhiking effect study.

Impact of Mating Frequency on Fecundity, Fertility and Longevity of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier） （Coleoptera： Curuclionidae）

The reproductive behavior of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorusferrugineus Olivier was studied in laboratory with several sets of unmated females paired with unmated males for different periods. The treatments in these controlled mating experiments included single mating, multiple mating for 24 h, multiple mating weekly, multiple mating on alternate days and multiple mating uninterrupted with a control group. During the study, observations were made on the number of eggs laid, incubation period, hatching percentage, ovipositional periods and adult longevity. Though unmated females laid a large number of eggs, these were infertile. This study clearly showed significant differences in the egg-laying capacity of females exposed to different frequencies of mating. The average number of eggs laid varied from 98.9 ± 9.7 eggs in a single-time mated female to 195.8± 24.3 eggs in females allowed to mate on alternate days throughout their life. As far as the percentage of egg-hatching is concerned, there were significant differences in single and multiple mated females with 22.4 ± 3.3% hatching in one time mated females as compared to 85.2 ± 1.9% in alternate day mated females. This study also showed direct impact of female matings on the number of eggs laid and their hatching percentage. Moreover, the unmated and mated female groups showed no significant differences in oviposition and post-ovipositional period and also there was very little difference in male and female adult longevity.

Resource Allocation for Two-Way Amplify and Forward OFDM Relay Networks

Physical-layer network coding(PNC) promises substantial theoretical gain to achieve the maximum system throughput in cooperative relay transmission. However, with the increasing global warming, how to reduce power consumption while satisfy system throughput requirement is becoming a vital issue. In this paper, we investigate energy-efficiency resource allocation(RA) based on PNC with amplify-and-forward(AF) protocol in orthogonal frequency division multiple(OFDM) bidirectional transmission. To minimize the overall transmit power consumption with required system throughput requirement, we consider joint subcarriers and power allocation and formulate the objective task into a constrained optimization problem where the best relay node is selected to minimize total transmit power. The closed form optimization power allocation solutions are acquired by analytical derivation. Based on derivation, we propose a novel optimal energy-efficient power allocation(OE-PA). Numerical results are given to evaluate the performance of the derived scheme as compared to other schemes and show that our scheme has signifi cant improvement to energy saving.

Joint Subcarrier and Power Allocation for DF-Based Multiuser Two-Way Relay Networks

Two-way decode-and-forward(DF) relay technique is an efficient method to improve system performance in 5G networks.However,traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) based two-way relay systems only consider a per-subcarrier relay strategy,which treats each subcarrier as a separate channel,which results in significant sum rate loss,especially in fading environments.In this paper,a joint coding scheme over multiple subcarriers is involved for multipair users in two-way relay systems to obtain multiuser diversity.A generalized subcarrier pairing strategy is proposed to permit each user-pair to occupy different subcarriers during the two transmission phases,i.e.,the multiple access and broadcast phases.Moreover,a low complexity joint resource allocation scheme is proposed to improve the spectrum efficiency with an additional multi-user diversity gain.Some numerical simulations are finally provided to verify the efficacy of our proposal.

Peak-to-average power ratio reduction using selective mapping with unequal power distribution

A new approach for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems was proposed.This approach is based on assigning powers to the different subcarriers of OFDM using an unequal power distribution strategy.In addition,a reduced complexity selective mapping (RC-SLM) scheme was proposed.The proposed scheme is based on partitioning the frequency domain symbol sequence into several sub-blocks,and then each sub-block is multiplied by different phase sequences whose length is shorter than that used in the conventional SLM scheme.Then,a kind of low complexity conversions is used to replace the IFFT blocks.The performance of the proposed RC-SLM scheme along with the new approach was studied with computer simulation.The obtained results show that the proposed RC-SLM scheme is able to achieve the lowest computational complexity when compared with other low complexity schemes proposed in the literature while at the same time improves the PAPR reduction performance by about 0.3 dB.

从卵巢发育特点揭示新疆地区棉铃虫迁飞习性

为探索棉铃虫成虫在新疆地区是否具有迁飞性,在新疆北部石河子垦区146团和147团、乌苏、新疆南部阿克苏地区(阿克苏市、阿瓦提县、12团)和麦盖提,监测了棉铃虫田间卵巢发育和交配频率。结果表明:雌蛾卵巢发育到1级时开始出现交配,且交配次数与卵巢发育级数呈显著正相关;146团、147团、乌苏、阿克苏第3代棉铃虫以及阿瓦提县第3代和第4代棉铃虫卵巢发育级别3级以上的个体均占到65%以上,表明其种群主要由外地迁入;高峰期棉铃虫雌蛾平均交配率和交配频率分别为81.63%和1.96。各监测区域棉铃虫雌蛾的交配率和雌雄比例均符合迁入种群的生理特征,表明新疆地区棉铃虫存在迁飞。探明棉铃虫在新疆地区的迁飞和交配情况将为该地区棉铃虫的区域防治提供重要科学依据。

Can sexual selection and disassortative mating contribute to the maintenance of a shell color polymorphism in an inter- tidal marine snail？

Littorina fabalis is an intertidal snail commonly living on the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and showing frequent shell-color polymorphisms in the wild. The evolutionary mechanism underlying this polymorphism is currently unknown. Shell color variation was studied in mated and non-mated specimens of this species from different microareas in one locality from NW Spain, in order to estimate sexual selection and assortative mating that may （still） be operating in this population. The analyses across microareas allowed us to investigate frequency-dependent selection and assortative mating components, mechanisms that could maintain the polymorphism. The presence of shell scars caused by crab attacks, an environmental variable not related with sexual selection or assortative mating, was used as experimental control. This study provides new evidence of significant disas- sortative mating and some degree of sexual selection against some shell colors, supporting the results found 21 years ago in a similar study, i.e. in the same species and locality. The similarity of these estimates during the studied period suggests that this experimental approach is consistent and valid to be extended to other populations and organisms. In addition, sexual selection and assortative mating estimates did not change across microareas differing in shell color frequencies, suggesting than the polymor- phism can not be maintained by a frequency-dependent （sexual selection-based） mechanism. Our main hypothesis is that negative assortative mating could contribute to the maintenance of the polymorphism, perhaps by males showing distinct female color preferences when searching for mates [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 463-474, 2012].