出坯率对炼钢生产成本的影响分析

论述了炼钢生产过程中出坯率的概念，出坯率与钢铁料消耗的内在区别，分析了出坯率与炼钢生产过程的关系，对炼钢生产成本的影响作用。企业应通过技术攻关和设备改造等手段，提高各品种钢的出坯率，提高经济效益，降低产品总成本。

基于动态成本卷积的复杂产品批产路径优化问题建模与求解研究

具有复杂工艺路线的装备产品,其生产系统设计的待决策变量之间通常相互耦合、相互影响,对产品最终的批产成本产生着影响,构成了较为复杂的组合优化问题。对此,提出一种基于动态成本卷积的复杂产品批产路径优化模型。该模型考虑了复杂产品工艺路线的各节点均可能存在多种生产设计选项,在各选项对应着不同生产投入和批量效率的情况下,以最终交付产品的批产成本最小化为目标输出生产系统设计和成本卷积路径。同时,建立了混合整数规划模型,并通过对模型中非线性成分实施可控精度线性化,将模型换化为可最优求解的线性模型。最后,针对某连续生产行业设计了小、中、大规模实验算例,验证了所提模型的可行性、合理性和求解效率。

刍议在产品成本系数及生产资金占用额的计算

传统的企业生产资金占用额的测算和对在产品成本系数计算的方法过于繁琐 ,若将装配式和连续加工式两种生产形式归结为单阶段和多阶段加工两种情况分别进行探讨 ,得出一般情况下 (生产资金占用额 f(t)为曲线时 )计算资金占用额及在产品成本系数的积分公式 ,则形成了一种简便可行的计算方法。

自适应PSO-SVM上产期油气操作成本预测模型

针对上产期油气操作成本及其影响因素具有的非线性、小样本数据特征,采用油气操作成本核算内容的定性分析与邓氏、绝对、斜率及B型关联度分析方法的定量分析相结合,确定上产期油气操作成本主要影响因素,构建基于SVM的上产期油气操作成本预测模型。针对建模所需参数难确定及标准PSO算法易陷入局部最优的问题,采用线性分段函数构建惯性权重ω计算方法,同时引入最佳适应度变化率因子和粒子变异因子,构建自适应PSO算法,并结合k-fold交叉验证最小误差准则寻优参数,进而构建自适应PSO-SVM上产期油气操作成本预测模型。实验表明上述模型能够根据粒子自身适应度平衡全局和局部搜索能力,具有更佳的全局搜索能力和预测精度。

生物降解塑料产业发展路径研究

采用定性和定量相结合的研究方法,分析生物降解塑料产业发展现状及市场。基于层次与对比分析法,就生物降解塑料产业发展所面临的生产成本与售价高,降解不彻底、可控性较差,材料与使用性能存在缺陷,行业相关标准不尽一致等瓶颈进行深入剖析,提出降低成本,实现规模经济;加强产学研合作,提高降解可控性;加大技术创新,改善高分结构缺陷;统一行业标准与规范等发展路径。

前期不同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对肉鸡生产性能和产肉消耗蛋白质和能量的影响

为研究前期日粮中不同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对肉鸡全期生产性能和产肉所耗蛋白质和代谢能的影响,试验共选用936只1日龄雄性AA+肉鸡,前期(1~21 d)采用3×4两因子试验设计,分别为3个代谢能水平(2800、2900 kcal/kg和3000 kcal/kg),4个粗蛋白质水平(20%、21%、22%和24%),后期(22~42 d)饲喂同一日粮,试验期为42 d。结果表明:前期不同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对肉鸡22~42日龄体增重(BWG),1~42日龄BWG、料重比(F/G)和欧洲指数,42日龄胸肌率、腿肌率、产肉量以及腿肌脂肪含量均存在显著互作效应(P<0.05)。饲喂粗蛋白质水平为20%和代谢能水平为2900 kcal/kg日粮的肉鸡22~42日龄和1~42日龄BWG、F/G以及42日龄胸肌率、腿肌率、产肉量以及胸肌和腿肌内蛋白和脂肪含量与高粗蛋白质水平组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲喂粗蛋白质水平为20%和代谢能水平为2900kcal/kg日粮的肉鸡22~42日龄BWG显著高于粗蛋白质水平为20%代谢能水平为2800kcal/kg或3000kcal/kg,以及粗蛋白质水平为24%代谢能水平为2900kcal/kg或3000kcal/kg的肉鸡(P<0.05),且1~42日龄BWG显著高于粗蛋白质水平为20%、代谢能水平为2800 kcal/kg或3000 kcal/kg的肉鸡(P<0.05)。饲喂粗蛋白质水平为22%和代谢能水平为2900 kcal/kg日粮的肉鸡1~42日龄F/G最高和欧洲指数最低(P<0.05),而粗蛋白质水平为24%、代谢能水平为3000 kcal/kg日粮的肉鸡1~42日龄F/G最低和欧洲指数最高(P<0.05)。饲喂粗蛋白质水平为20%和代谢能水平为2800 kcal/kg,以及粗蛋白质水平为21%和代谢能水平为3000 kcal/kg日粮的肉鸡42日龄腿肌率显著高于粗蛋白质水平为22%和代谢能水平为2900kcal/kg或3000kcal/kg,以及粗蛋白质水平为24%和代谢能水平为2800kcal/kg日粮的肉鸡(P<0.05)。饲喂粗蛋白质水平为20%和代谢能水平为2900 kcal/kg日粮的肉鸡42日龄胸肌率显著高于粗蛋白质水平为20%和代谢能水平为3000 kcal/kg,粗蛋白质水平为22%和代谢能水平为3000kcal/kg,以及粗蛋白质水平为24%和代谢能水平为2900 kcal/kg或3000 kcal/kg日粮的肉鸡(P<0.05),但与饲喂粗蛋白质水平为21%日粮的肉鸡无显著差异(P>0.05)。从产肉效果来说,饲喂粗蛋白质水平为21%、22%和24%日粮的肉鸡产肉量显著高于粗蛋白质水平为20%和代谢能水平为3000 kcal/kg日粮的肉鸡(P<0.05)。此外,前期饲喂不同粗蛋白质水平日粮对肉鸡每千克产肉所消耗饲料粗蛋白量有显著影响(P<0.01),与粗蛋白质水平为22%和24%的日粮相比,粗蛋白质水平为20%和21%的日粮可显著降低肉鸡每千克产肉所消耗日粮粗蛋白量(P<0.01)。综上所述,虽然前期高粗蛋白质和高代谢能水平的日粮有利于改善肉鸡欧洲指数和F/G,但肉鸡前期日粮中粗蛋白质和代谢能水平分别为21%和3000 kcal/kg可提高肉鸡22~42日龄和1~42日龄BWG、欧洲指数以及42日龄胸肌率,降低每千克产肉所消耗日粮粗蛋白量,且胸肌和腿肌内蛋白和脂肪含量提高,有助于改善鸡肉风味。因此,建议肉鸡前期日粮中粗蛋白质和代谢能水平分别为21%和3000 kcal/kg。

产品市场定价的八种策略

一、产品成本与价格合理对接成本是产品定价的重要依据之一。一般来说,价格应尽量反映成本因素,成本高,产品价格也相应高,否则企业的利润会大受影响。但在激烈的市场竞争中,在买方市场氛围下,则不应使产品成本过分地影响定价。例如,由于各种原因造成产品成本较高,就将产品定位在较高的价格上,这样做往往会适得其反,导致利润大缩水。道理很简单,产品定价高了,销售量会减少。所以降低产品成本永远是企业管理者必须重视的问题。只有想法将成本降下来,使产品的成本与价格合理对接,才能获得满意的利润。二。

如何运用审计信息化对化工企业成本进行分析

本文着重介绍审计信息化平台在化工企业成本分析中的应用。在掌握被审单位生产工艺流程和财务核算过程的基础上,通过审计信息化平台直接从财务账套中提取相关数据,并对数据进行处理和图形化展示,协助审计人员快速发现问题,定位问题范围,节约审计人员数据查找、计算的时间,有效地降低审计成本。将审计人员从繁重的数据细节解放出来,从而有更多的精力进行企业整体经营活动分析,实现企业内部审计为管理者提供管理服务的职能。

供热定价成本监审中相关问题的探讨

供热价格调整关系群众切身利益,供热定价成本应当按照“合法、相关、合理”的原则确定。由于供热方式、社会资金、资产管理、会计核算等方面的原因,供热定价成本监审工作比较复杂。本文从提高热电联产企业成本监审工作的科学化、规范化水平;严格核减不得计入定价成本的费用,重视供热资产折旧计提问题等方面,探讨如何规范供热定价成本监审行为。

Techno-economic and Environmental Assessments of SAF from Bioamss:An Review

This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternatives for liquid fuel and aviation industry is first discussed.Key insights encompass the evolutionary progression of biofuel production from first-generation to second-generation biofuels,with a focus on utilizing non-food sources like woody biomass for enhanced sustainability.Available data from the literature on techno-economic assessments of various SAF production pathways are analyzed including production costs,conversion efficiency,and scalability.Moreover,results of lifecycle assessments associated with different SAF production pathways are presented,providing essential insights for decision-making processes.The challenges of scaling up woody biomass-based SAF production are discussed based on the assessment results,and recommendations are proposed to steer stakeholders towards a greener and more sustainable trajectory for aviation operations.

能源替代性经济分析

我国目前能源形势严峻 ,面临着环境和社会经济发展的双重压力。从经济学角度分析可再生能源必然替代常规能源的原因及影响替代进程的因素 ,认为我国未来能源战略势必调整能源结构 ,大力发展可再生能源 ,为此 。

Does Environmental Regulation Weaken Industrial Competitiveness?Inspirations from China’s Iron and Steel Sector

China＇s economic growth is heavily influenced by exports, while reconciling environmental regulation and economic growth requires handling the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness well. The effects of environmental regulation on industrial competitiveness are largely subject to the institutional design of environmental regulation. Despite numerous studies on the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness, a consensus has yet to be reached. Aside from differences in research methodology, these studies failed to give sufficient consideration to the impact of environmental regulation on industrial competitiveness. Such effects can be negative or positive depending on the design of environmental regulatory policy. This paper has investigated the relationship between environmental regulation and the competitiveness of China＇s iron and steel industry and discovered that tighter environmental regulation does not diminish the competitiveness of the iron and steel industry since the policy design of environmental regulation accommodates the tolerance of advanced production capacity and includes a reasonable cost sharing mechanism. This discovery is of important reference for China to develop rational policy design to balance the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness.

Remanufacturing production planning considering quality cost and demand substitution

Aiming to minimize the total production costs in a single planning period, a nonlinear integer programming model for remanufacturing production plans is established considering the influence of different qualities of returns acting on production cost. Three different remanufacturing and discarding strategies are adopted to analyze the change rules of the total production costs. The results returns is greater than indicate that when the number of remanufacturing returns of high the demand, preferentially quality and discarding those of low quality can bring better economic benefits due to manufacturing cost reduction. However, when the number of returns is smaller than the demand, there is no need to consider grading of returns, whereas new demand of remanufacturing. parts are required to satisfy the

核能海水淡化的经济竞争性比较研究

采用平准化贴现产水成本法和最新的海水淡化经济评价软件(DEEP1.1),对东南亚地区核能海水淡化和化石能源海水淡化大量方案的经济竞争性进行了比较研究。结果表明,核能海水淡化具有较强的经济竞争性,其竞争性普遍存在于反渗透膜(RO)法、多效蒸馏(MED)法和多级闪蒸(MSF)法3种淡化技术中。淡化水成本由于所采用的淡化技术和水厂规模的不同,具有很大的差别,变化范围为0.56～1.89＄·m-3。其中,RO法最便宜,MSF法最贵。影响其经济竞争性的敏感因素依次为:贴现率、水厂规模、海水温度与海水总可溶固体物(TDS)含量、化石燃料价格和能源厂比投资,与基准方案相比,水成本的变化率最高可达19.3%。

Impact of material and energy flow variation-based iron /steel ratio on production cost

This paper establishes a model for the production cost of iron and steel enterprise.The variation rule of the production cost versus the iron/steel ratio for two cases, namely,fixed steel production and a fixed amount of molten iron,is analyzed,and the concept of a steel scrap threshold price is proposed.According to the analysis results,when the steel scrap unit price exceeds the steel scrap threshold price, an increase in the iron/steel ratio can reduce the production cost,and vice versa.When the gap between the steel scrap unit price and the steel scrap threshold price is relatively large, the impact of the iron/steel ratio on the production cost is more prominent.According to the calculation example,when steel production is fixed （284 358 t/month）and the steel scrap unit price is 263.2 yuan/t more than the steel scrap threshold price,an increase of 0.01 in the iron/steel ratio causes a monthly production cost reduction of approximately 750 000 yuan （2.63 yuan/t）.When the amount of molten iron is fixed （270 425 t/month）and the steel scrap unit price is 140.7 yuan/t more than the threshold price,an increase of 0.01 in the iron/steel ratio causes a monthly production cost reduction of approximately 430 000 yuan （1.5 yuan/t）.The results indicate that iron and steel enterprise should adjust the production strategy in time when the scrap price fluctuates, and then the production cost will be reduced.

Comparison of Benefits from Different Planting Models of Ningza No.21

Ningza No.21, a new hybrid rapeseed cultivar, was used as the test mate-rial in this study. The common planting models in large-scale production （3 trans-planting models and 2 direct-seeding models） were adopted. Based on the high-yield cultivation, the yield and economic benefits of different planting models were investi-gated. ln addition, the labor costs, agricultural production materials costs and agri-cultural machinery costs of different planting model were analyzed to explore the low-costs and high-economic benefits planting model. The results showed the yields of the 5 planting models were al relatively high with average yield of 3 282.30 kg/hm2, ranging from 2 899.50 to 3 642.00 kg/hm2. Although the average yield and output value of transplanting models were higher than that of direct-seedling models by 429.25 kg/hm2 and 2 189.18 yuan/hm2 respectively, the production costs of trans-planting models were higher than that of direct-seedling model by 2 098.81 yuan/hm2 and the economic benefits were basical y equal. Among the costs of rapeseed pro-duction, the labor costs accounted for more than 60%. ln the labor costs, the har-vesting labor costs represented about 50%. Therefore, under current production con-ditions, the direct seeding and mechanized harvesting should be adopted in the rapeseed production to reduce production costs and improve economic benefits.

Research on workflow meta model supporting activity based costing

Activity based costing (ABC) is a method which can solve many limitations of the traditional cost systems in manufacturing management. In this paper, we investigate how to integrate ABC with workflow technology, and build a workflow meta model supporting ABC. Firstly, the concept and concept model of activity based costing (ABC) are introduced. Next, the meta model of P -PROCE (Process, Product, Resource, Organization, and Cost & Evaluation) is presented. Then the cost meta model is defined by adding ABC to P -PROCE model. Object constraint language (OCL) is used to express meta model and constraints. Finally, we show an enterprise modeling and simulation tool based on the workflow meta model. We can systematically construct an enterprise model and easily and efficiently conduct simulation. Moreover it enables us to analyze and evaluate business processes and its costs.

Comparison of Corn Production Costs in China,the U.S. and Brazil and Its Implications

This paper analyzes the corn production cost in China, the U.S. and Brazil from 1997 to 2014. According to the results,（1） corn production cost in China is the highest among these three countries;（2） the rapid growth of labor cost and land cost is the major factor that promotes the increase of total corn production cost in China;（3） the level of agricultural mechanization in China has been gradually improving, and the gap between agricultural mechanization levels in China and other two countries is constantly narrowing;（4） differing from the U.S. and Brazil,China exhibits a ＂high input, low output＂ agricultural production mode. Based on the above analyses, corresponding suggestions have been presented to reduce corn production cost in China.