浅谈我国计算国民生产总值问题

我国统计部门为了反映国民经济活动的总情况和总成果。长期沿用的综合性指标,主要有三种:工农业总产值、社会总产值和国民收入。实践证明,采用这三种综合性指标,对及时反映我国经济活动情况、指导生产和改善经营管理都起了一定作用。但是随着我国国民经济和科学技术的发展,大量事实证明,为了更全面、更准确地反映国民经济活动的成果、为了更有效地促进我国现代化建设的进程,仅仅采用以上三种综合指标已经不能满足客观需要,为此,必须另外采用一个综合性指标,这就是国民生产总值指标。

吉林省交通水泥厂一线技改工程点火试产

吉林省交通水泥厂一线技改工程点火试产吉林省交通水泥厂一号生产线技术改造—程，经过十个月的紧张施工．于１９９６年４月７日一次点火成功，并正式投料试产。这项技术改造工程是经吉林省政府批准，于１９９５年５月破土动工，总投资２０７３万元，选用了国内先进的ＮＨ...

降低腈纶溶剂NaSCN系统含杂的研究

针对超滤技术在腈纶溶剂二步法硫氰酸钠系统应用中存在的问题开展试验研究,主要考察了不同类型超滤膜(内、外压膜差异以及膜丝固定形式差异)的投用效果、产料反冲洗及进料方式对膜运行周期的影响等。通过试验可知:投用超滤膜对二步法料液中水不溶物有一定的去除效果;采用新型超滤膜(膜丝一端固定),其过滤周期是传统两端固定超滤膜的2.5倍;内压式超滤膜不适用于处理二步法硫氰酸钠料液;增加产料反冲洗能显著提高过滤时间、过滤总流量。经过优化,基本解决了存在的膜通量无法恢复、过滤时间短、通量衰减过快等问题,为产业化改造提供依据。

Effects of Milk Replacer on the Performance and Blood Biochemical Indices in Lambs

[Objective] In this study, the performance and blood biochemical indices in lamps fed on milk replacer were researched, the feasibility of early weaned in lamps was discussed. [Method] 37 of 10 days lambs of Suffolk（♂） x XiaoWeiHanYang（ ♀ ） were randomly divided into group A, B, C, D for this experiment. Group A, B, C were fed by 3 milk-replacers containing milk for different protein source respectively, and ten Iambs in each group; group D （seven lambs） were fed by ewes as the control. The performance and blood biochemical indices of the lamps were determined. [ Result] The results showed that the average daily gains of 10 - 15 days of age was not significantly different between group A and D （ P 〉 O. 05 ）, the control were higher significandy than the group B,C （P 〈0.05）. The average daily gains of 16 -25, 26 -35 days of age were not significantly different in group A, B, C, D. The daily weight gains of Group A, B, C in 45 - 55 days of age were higher significantly than the control （P〈0.05 ）. Plasma urea nitrogen （PUN） of group B and C were higher than group A significantly （P〈0.05 ） ;Total protein （ TP）, Plasma albumin （ALB） and Plasma total amino acid were no significant difference among the other 3 groups （P〉0.05 ）. [Conclusion] So, the milk-replacers were available for early-weaned lamb.

发展和规范我国加工贸易的设想

加工贸易经过二十年的蓬勃发展,取得了广泛的经济效益和社会效益,但同时也出现了一些不容忽视的问题。认真总结20年来我国加工贸易的发展经验,充分认识加工贸易取得的成就和存在的问题,研究促进加工贸易持续稳定健康发展的政策措施,探讨建立新型的加工贸易管理体制,对于实现国民经济和社会发展的长远目标具有十分重要的意义。

Analysis of Mineral Elements in 13 Famous Tea Varieties in Sichuan Province

This study was to analyze the mineral elements in famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province. Eighteen mineral elements in the samples of 13 famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province were measured via related instruments. The results showed, of all the 18 measured samples, that the contents of K, P, S, Ca and Mg were relatively higher（ 〉1 500 mg/kg） in famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province, while those of Ba, Cr, V, Co and Se were relatively lower（ 〈 10 mg/kg） ; compared to common green tea, the famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province contained higher contents of K, Zn, P, Na, Ni, Cu, S, Se and Co（0.38% -115.65% higher than that in common green tea）, and lower contents of Mg, Mn, AI, Ca, V, Rb, Fe and Cr（7.20% -46.67% lower than that in common green tea）; of the 13 tested tea varieties, Hongyanyingchun, Yongchuanxiuya and Qingchengxueya were rich in mineral elements, while Yuchengyunwu and Yuqiancha lacked in mineral elements. The re- suits show that Hongyanyingchun, Yongchuanxiuya and Qingchengxueya are the elites in the famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province.

Effect of Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper in Qiu-bei

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers（SCRF）on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper（Capsicum frutescens L.）as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.

Effects of Slow Release Fertilizer on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Carnation and Its Environmental Protection Effect

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of slow release fertilizer on the yield,economic benefit and nutrient use efficiency of carnation and environmental pollution.[Method] Taking carnation（Dianthus caryophyllus）as research object,the application effect and environmental protection effect of slow release fertilizer on carnation were discussed through field plot test.[Result] The main agronomic characters of carnation improved after the application of slow release fertilizer;compared with Conv-F treatment,the yield of carnation with slow release fertilizer increased by 18.67%-20.83%,and its economic benefit increased by 105 500 yuan/hm2,while the ratio of output to input improved by 74.29%;under the same NPK ratio and nutrient amount,the yield,economic benefit and ratio of output to input of carnation after the application of slow release fertilizer increased by 2.11%,14 800 yuan and 16.2%,respectively;besides,the application of slow release fertilizer improved the nutrient use efficiency of carnation,and N,P and K nutrient use efficiency in Opt-F-0.7% treatment increased by 13.88%,8.57% and 30.14% compared with Conv-F treatment.[Conclusion] Slow release fertilizer could not only reduce the waste of fertilizer resources and improve fertilizer use efficiency but also decrease the pollution caused by nutrient loss,which had important practical significance for protecting ecological environment and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture.

Improvement of Cellulase Producing Capacity of Aspergillus niger by Ultraviolet Mutation

[Objective] The research aimed to breed the high-yield production strain of cellulase.[Method] Aspergillus niger was used as the starting strain,and a high-yield production strain of cellulase was selected after UV mutation treatment.[Result] Under the suitable condition,the strain 2（15） with the highest CMC production capacity was selected,which nearly increased 50% than that of the starting strain.[Conclusion] The research provided the foundation for its appliation in the feed production in the future.

Effects of Feed-grade Proteinase on the Production Performance of Piglets

In this study, feed-grade proteinase was added into conventional diets of three-line crossbred （Duroc x Landrace x Large White） piglets, to investigate the effects of feed-grade proteinase on anti-diarrhea capacity, daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of piglets. The results showed that adding feed-grade proteinase in diets enhanced anti-diarrhea capacity of piglets and improved signifi- cantly production performance and breeding efficiency of piglets. This study provided the reference for rational utilization of feed-grade proteinase in actual production.

青花瓷器鉴定(连载之一)

文玩,旧称古董、骨董、古玩,泛指商业性和私人收藏性质的文物,是物质与精神有机结合的高级形态,它既凝结了博大精深的文化内涵,又有着不可限量的经济价值,在社会物质文明高速发展的刺激下,越来越多的人们对此产生了兴趣,为了满足社会性的收藏、购求活动之需要,本刊从来期起开办“文玩鉴定讲座”栏目,陆续聘请有一定理论素养和实践经验的文物鉴定专家以及古董从业人员介绍有关专业知识。或系统讲座,或经验点滴,力求实用而立竿见影。 本期起率先连载南京博物院研究馆员、古陶瓷专家张浦生先生的《青花瓷器鉴定》,以后还将请有关专家陆续介绍古今名人字画、铜器、漆器、玉石、钱币、文房用品等鉴定知识。

Effects of Herbal Feed Additive on Milk Production of Dairy Cows

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the herbal feed additive Zengrujianniusan on the milk production of dairy cows. [Method] Thirty-two black-white lactating cows were randomly divided into four groups, and were fed with forage supplemented with 0 （control group）, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% Zengrujianniusan for 60 d. During this period, the contents of fat, protein and non-fat solid in milk were measured every 20 d. [Result] The milk production of the cows whose forage was added with 0.2 %, 0.4 % and 0.6% Zengrujianniusan was 4.02%, 12.50%, 14.00% higher than that of the control （P〉0.05）. The herbal feed additive had no significant influence on the contents of fat, milk and non-fat solid in milk, but significantly reduced the number of somatic cells. [Conclusion] The study will provide reference for developing feed additives which is safe and non-toxic to cows and their milk.

Effects of Different Padding on Air Quality in Broiler House and Growth Physiological Index of Broilers

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different padding on ammonia concentration in broiler house and growth performance and blood indi- cators of broilers. [Method] A total of 480 one-day-old 817 broilers were selected. They were randomly divided into four groups with different paddings, and each group was in triplicate. The weights of broilers and feed were weighed weekly. The growth performance of broilers was determined. On day 30, the ammonia concentra- tions in broiler houses were determined. On day 35, 6 broilers were randomly se- lected from each group, and their vein blood was sampled. In the sampled vein blood, the concentrations of ammonia, glucose, globulin, serum total protein and urea nitrogen were determined. [Result] There were significant differences in ammo- nia concentration among broiler houses laid with different paddings （P〈0.05）. The ammonia concentration in group 1 was significantly lower than those in group 3 and group 4 （P〈0.05）. No significant difference was found in ammonia concentrations in broiler houses between group 2 and group 3 （P〉0.05）. The ammonia concentration in group 4 was significantly higher than those in group1, group 2 and group 3 （,0〈 0.05）. There were also significant differences in blood indicators among different groups （P〈0.05）. The blood ammonia, blood glucose and serum urea nitrogen con- centrations in group 1 were significantly lower than those in other groups （P〈0.05）, the serum total protein concentration was significantly higher than those in group 3 and group 4 （P〈0.05）, and the serum globulin concentration was significantly higher than those in group 2, group 3 and group 4 （P〈0.05）. Significant differences were observed in feed intake, body weight gain and slaughter weight between different groups （P〈0.05）, but there were no significant differences in feed to grain ratio （P〉 0.05）. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, the padding of Chinese medicine residue showed better effect on reducing ammonia concentration in broiler house, which was conducive to play of production potential of broilers.

Electricity generation during wastewater treatment by a microbial fuel cell coupled with constructed wetland

A membrane-less constructed wetland microbial fuel cell （CW-MFC） is constructed and operated under continuous flow with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 2 d. Fed with glucose, the CW-MFC generates a stable current density of over 2 A/m3 with a resistor of 1 kΩ and has a chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of more than 90% after the startup of 2 to 3 d. A series of systems with the electrode spacings of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm are compared. It is found that the container with the electrode spacing of 20 cm gains the highest voltage of 560 mV, the highest power density of 0. 149 W/m 3, and the highest Coulombic efficiency of 0.313%. It also has the highest COD removal efficiency of 94. 9%. In addition, the dissolved oxygen （DO） concentrations are observed as the lowest level in the middle of all the CW-MFC reactors. The results show that the more COD is removed, the greater power is generated, and the relatively higher Coulombic efficiency will be achieved. The present study indicates that the CW-MFC process can be used as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment with simultaneous power generation.

Test of Feeding Dairy Cows with Chinese Herbal Additive for Improving Production and Quality of Milk

At Baiyin dairy farm, the Chinese herbal additive was added into feed which was then fed to dairy cows from August to October, 2014, and the changes in milk production and quality were observed. The test showed that the additive added into the feed had obvious milk-increasing effect, the milk production was im- proved by 12.67%-17.26%, and the milk quality was improved. The additive has the effects of preventing miscarriage, expelling parasite and preventing diseases. The nutritional components in the feed additive were determined, and the results showed that the contents of protein, crude fat, Ca and P in the additive were 12.29%, 2.66%, 1.8% and 0.22%, respectively.

Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on the Content and Yield of DNJ of Mulberry Leaves in Spring

[Objective] This study aimed to scientifically improve the 1-deoxynojimycin （DNJ） yield of mulberry leaves in spring. [Method] ＂3414＂ experimental design was adopted to investigate the effects of different fertilizer application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the DNJ content in mulberry leaves. The regression relationship was further simulated with DNJ yield as the objective function and fertil- izer application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as the regulatory factors. [Result] The results showed that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium all have great effects on the DNJ content in mulberry leaves at different parts of mulberry tree （Morus alba）; the DNJ content in mulberry leaves increases with the increasing single-factor fertilizer application rate and reaches the maximum under N2P2K2 level; different fertilizer application rates and combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can significantly affect the DNJ content in mulberry leaves; according to the simulated fertilizer effect function, the optimal economic yield of total DNJ in mul- berry leaves was 23.23 kg/hm^2, the recommended fertilization indicators were 286.11 kg/hm^2 N, 95.22 kg/hm^2 P2O5 and 159.62 kg/hm^2 K20. [Conclusion] After confirmation in productive practice, this optimal fertilization program can provide reference for the construction of mulberry plantation with high yield and high quality of DNJ.

Climatic Conditions of Regional Distribution of Characteristic Agriculture——With West Celery Industrial Belt in Huluhe Basin as an Example

[Objective] The paper was to study the climate conditions of celery indus- trial belt in Huluhe Basin. [Method] Using the climate data of Xiji national basic sta- tion during 1981 and 2010, the meteorological data during crop growth period in 3 automatic weather stations along Huluhe Basin were carried out regression analysis, and the climate condition of west celery industrial belt was conducted hierarchical clustering analysis by SPSS. [Result] West celery industrial belt along Huluhe Basin could be divided into 2 growing regions： partially southern warm, rainy and early mature region, partially northern cold, rainless and late mature region. Years of practice proved that the small climate differences within 2 planting regions were more obvious, so these 2 planting regions could be further divided into 4 subre- glens： Xinglong warm, rainy and early mature subregion, Xiaohe thermal, rainy and partially early mature region, Jiqiang cool, rainless and middle mature subregion and Xinying cold, rainless and late mature subregion. [Conclusion] The study has refer- ence value for determination of different sowing time, different fertilizer and irrigation scheme, pests and diseased control and marketing time of west celery under mulch- sanded bunch plantation in market economic condition.

Current Status and Perspective Development of Broomcorn Millet Production in China

[Objective] This paper analyzed present status of broomcorn millet produc- tion in China, including cultivation methods, fertilization utilization, diseases, insect pests and disasters, machinery development, planting benefit and other aspects. [Method] The corn millet data reported by China Industrial and Technological Re- search System of Millet in 2011 were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis of EXCEL. [Result] The results show that 17 678.57 kg/ha of farm manure, 155.77 kg/ha of urea, 259.5 kg/ha of compound fertilizer, 203.13 kg/ha of phosphate fertilizer and 75 kg/ha of potash fertilizer were used in China; the national mechanization degree of broomcorn millet production is lower than 30% in all; the average income of broomcorn millet production is 10 503.33 yuan/ha, and the VCR is 2.64; most broomcorn millet producing areas are affected by mild pests and diseases, very few are affected by mild and moderate pests and diseases, and the impact of natural disasters is the lightest. [~onclusien] Currently fertilizer utilization for broomcorn millet is proper but the mechanization level and planting benefit are low, natural disasters, pests and diseases are not severe; finally the authors proposed some suggestions on the fertilizer utilization, mechanization production, benefit increasing, disaster warning, disease and insect controlling and government policy-making for broomcorn millet production.

The Synthesis of Some Novel Pyrimidine Compounds

Four novel pyridimine compounds were prepared. The yield of the intermediates was improved with new method making use of Pd(Ⅱ) catalyst and cuprous acetylide which were proved to be practital in the formation of the acetylide which were proved to be practical in the formation of the acetylides. Their nonlinear optical properties were briefly studied.

Unique synergistic effects of ZIF-9（Co）-derived cobalt phosphide and CeVO4 heterojunction for efficient hydrogen evolution

The photocatalytic decomposition of water to produce hydrogen is an important process,through which solar energy can be converted to chemical energy.Non-precious metal phosphides have quietly attracted attention as an emerging inexpensive photocatalyst.In this study,we reported that a CoP/CeVO4 hybrid photocatalyst exhibited high hydrogen evolution efficiency owing to EY(eosin Y)sensitization under visible light irradiation for the first time,and the amount of generated hydrogen reached 444.6μmol in 5 h.The CoP/CeVO4 nanohybrids were synthesized by a simple chemical precipitation method.The coupling of CoP and CeVO4 with ZIF-9 as a precursor could be completed in one step.The CeVO4 particles were firmly attached to the surface of the CoP particles to form a"small point"to"big point"heterojunction.The results of X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,EDX,and transmission electron microscopy showed the formation of CoP and CeVO4 nanoparticles and the structure of the composite.Based on a detailed analysis of the Mott-Schottky plot,the UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra,photocurrent-time(it)curve,Tafel curve,Nyquist curve(EIS),linear volt-ampere curve(LSV),and steady-state fluorescence spectra were studied.The time-resolved photoluminescence measurements indicated that the reason for the high-efficiency hydrogen evolution of CoP/CeVO4 was that the bands of CoP and CeVO4 were bent due to the existence of the Schottky barrier,and a heterojunction was formed between CoP and CeVO4,which generated an internal electric field and accelerated the charge transfer.In addition,the synergistic effect between CoP and CeVO4 provided a new hydrogen-evolution activity center for each of them.The improved carrier separation efficiency and the decrease in the photo-generated recombination rate led to the excellent photocatalytic hydrogen-evolution activity of the CoP/CeVO4 composite catalyst.This work provides a new strategy for modulating the electronic structure and carrier behavior of transition metal phosphide photocatalysts.