Farabi defines ＂Ilm al-Hiyal＂ （mechanic） in Ihsa al-Ulum as ＂knowing a way by which, human can adjust all of the concepts that have been proved in mathematics with verification to exotic objects, and helps their ...Farabi defines ＂Ilm al-Hiyal＂ （mechanic） in Ihsa al-Ulum as ＂knowing a way by which, human can adjust all of the concepts that have been proved in mathematics with verification to exotic objects, and helps their states in exotic objects to be carried＂. He believes this will be recognized and be attained by craft （sana＇at, art）. This was the common view in Islamic wisdom and philosophy in third and fourth Hijra centuries （9 ＆ 10 CE）. Researchers believe that the unique emphasis on parallelism between theoretical science and practical work is an important feature of Baghdad school and affected Islamic visual culture. Baghdad school had been affected by translation. In this way, Ikhwan-al-Safa, whom wrote the first encyclopedia of science in Islamic culture, had a very efficient role. They devised geometry into intellectual and sensual ones in the second part of their book, al-Rasa-el, and considered intellectual geometry as one of the middle philosophy and recognition and understanding factor for meaning of sensual geometry evidences. They insisted on basic situation of intellectual geometry in guidance of whom, want to learn intellectual things from sensual ones. They knew intellectual geometry as the factor for requiring skill in scientific crafts （sana＇at）, and sensual geometry as the factor of practical crafts, and made a vast relation between them. They also defined end of intellectual geometry understanding the base of all sciences and the main factor of wise, essence of self （nafs）. Important feature of Ikhwan-al-Safa＇s wisdom is omitting the gap between theory and practice, making a vast relation between them, which affected the meaning of crafts in Islamic culture, and rendered a spiritual feature to crafts and arts. It seems this relation has created the concept of traditional arts, and integrating wisdom and crafts in Iranian-Islamic culture constructed all of the Fotowat-Nam e （book of Chivalry）. This article reviews the concept, which affiliates theory and practice in third and fourth centuries and has a deep effect on recognition of art and craft in Islamic culture.展开更多
Scientific research on snow avalanches is relatively modem, yet in constant and rapid evolution, as the multiple disciplines involved in its development will, in turn, become more specialized and more technical. Paten...Scientific research on snow avalanches is relatively modem, yet in constant and rapid evolution, as the multiple disciplines involved in its development will, in turn, become more specialized and more technical. Patents are part of research and knowledge production. The scientific community and policy makers are increasingly interested in production of knowledge collaboratively. Almost all of the research being conducted on snow avalanches uses technology, technique or instrumentation. One main objective of this study is to draw from the literature the many technologies, techniques and instrumentations that are being used in research related to avalanches. Thus, a textual analysis of the most significant literature in the field of snow avalanches was done. In this analysis, techniques, technologies and instrumentations have emerged. A patent search has been done in databases. Subsequently, patents were conceptualized. The proportion of applicants for patents is higher in industry than in universities. The measure of exploration of the ongoing sociocognitive transformations of science and technology systems presents a useful tool to conduct a study to explore these transformations. It would be interesting for the scientific community, but also for the industry, to elaborate concept mapping when applied to avalanche research, which would help in determining referents.展开更多
Presentation of ＂development of methods of foresight＂ while presenting texts of examples and concrete results： （1） Christianity （appropriately） will not now disappear overnight since it has been around for more...Presentation of ＂development of methods of foresight＂ while presenting texts of examples and concrete results： （1） Christianity （appropriately） will not now disappear overnight since it has been around for more than 2017 years! Its built-up ＂Ways＂ are precedents and subsequents to Western models of existence, chosen, among multiple alternatives, by predecessors whose influence, is shared, today and tomorrow! （2） Use of sustained faith and search for peace for continuous steady and slow evolution （in spite of difficulties） toward the inevitable future--initial belief in Christianity presenting the least worst of existing conditions for human freedom and movement. （3） Let the unwilling remain in the last wagon of the moving train from where they will （without a doubt） regret not moving onwards, but yet happily benefit from progress （such are ＂trust-busters,＂ leaving the initiatives to the ＂clearsighted＂ actors of progress）. Note that Time moves on nonetheless. （4） Use of the past （genealogy, track record, and estimation of dates of future evolutions） for its recorded evolutions in time as ＂launching parameters＂ （ex. curves...） and for projected advancements in open-ended time, using of historical proofs with world-wide testimony, witness and belie! This would help not only in ＂down-to-earth＂ reasoning but also in ＂above and beyond＂ anticipation, further down Time＇s road! Use date and timing references of the past--further historical example and proofs to be extended to the society＇s extension in the Western World and as a founding basis from which extension throughout the World could be justified （ex. starting with Europe, and without unique or limiting dogmatism）. （5） Use of cordiality and diplomacy to ease difficulties of understanding, in spite of hesitation to proceed--＂humiliations＂ of conditions （if necessary）--as the leading ＂team＂ has an agreed objective, and these ＂volonteer followers,＂ so they would be, are trapped strangled by their own leashes. （6） Opening one＇s generous arms （even if politically motivated） to fraternal and willing brethren, for endulging welcoming attitudes toward the others. This would prepare the road for others in their own progress （toward their progressive） destiny. （7） Open-up multi-culturalism as opposed to the quest for mono-cultural sovereignty! Europe would then evermore be consolidated! （8） Indeed nothing looks like an individual more than another individual! Especially, in need! And it is in needs that appears the essence of humankind!展开更多
Contemporary China, the largest construction site in the world, is the centre of production of architectural ＇vessels＇ that are compacted with technical and scientific knowledge. Nevertheless, traditional wisdom and...Contemporary China, the largest construction site in the world, is the centre of production of architectural ＇vessels＇ that are compacted with technical and scientific knowledge. Nevertheless, traditional wisdom and personal cultivation is often neglected in this process of creating architecture. This paper makes a connection between the Chinese ideogram of 道 （dao = way）, with the Greek term of φρovησιc （phronesis = practical wisdom）, in the context of architecture. We argue that both terms bring forth the importance of ethics and practical wisdom in the making of architecture, as a process of cultivation. This argument is discussed through two case studies： a historical Chinese garden （Sima Guang＇s ＇Garden of Solitary Enjoyment＇）, as a manifestation of Dao, and an educational situation from a contemporary architectural design studio in a school of architecture, as a manifestation of phronesis. Both these diverse examples offer a possibility to see architecture as the creation of ＇vessels for life＇ where ＇vessel＇ and ＇life＇ are inseparable.展开更多
文摘Farabi defines ＂Ilm al-Hiyal＂ （mechanic） in Ihsa al-Ulum as ＂knowing a way by which, human can adjust all of the concepts that have been proved in mathematics with verification to exotic objects, and helps their states in exotic objects to be carried＂. He believes this will be recognized and be attained by craft （sana＇at, art）. This was the common view in Islamic wisdom and philosophy in third and fourth Hijra centuries （9 ＆ 10 CE）. Researchers believe that the unique emphasis on parallelism between theoretical science and practical work is an important feature of Baghdad school and affected Islamic visual culture. Baghdad school had been affected by translation. In this way, Ikhwan-al-Safa, whom wrote the first encyclopedia of science in Islamic culture, had a very efficient role. They devised geometry into intellectual and sensual ones in the second part of their book, al-Rasa-el, and considered intellectual geometry as one of the middle philosophy and recognition and understanding factor for meaning of sensual geometry evidences. They insisted on basic situation of intellectual geometry in guidance of whom, want to learn intellectual things from sensual ones. They knew intellectual geometry as the factor for requiring skill in scientific crafts （sana＇at）, and sensual geometry as the factor of practical crafts, and made a vast relation between them. They also defined end of intellectual geometry understanding the base of all sciences and the main factor of wise, essence of self （nafs）. Important feature of Ikhwan-al-Safa＇s wisdom is omitting the gap between theory and practice, making a vast relation between them, which affected the meaning of crafts in Islamic culture, and rendered a spiritual feature to crafts and arts. It seems this relation has created the concept of traditional arts, and integrating wisdom and crafts in Iranian-Islamic culture constructed all of the Fotowat-Nam e （book of Chivalry）. This article reviews the concept, which affiliates theory and practice in third and fourth centuries and has a deep effect on recognition of art and craft in Islamic culture.
文摘Scientific research on snow avalanches is relatively modem, yet in constant and rapid evolution, as the multiple disciplines involved in its development will, in turn, become more specialized and more technical. Patents are part of research and knowledge production. The scientific community and policy makers are increasingly interested in production of knowledge collaboratively. Almost all of the research being conducted on snow avalanches uses technology, technique or instrumentation. One main objective of this study is to draw from the literature the many technologies, techniques and instrumentations that are being used in research related to avalanches. Thus, a textual analysis of the most significant literature in the field of snow avalanches was done. In this analysis, techniques, technologies and instrumentations have emerged. A patent search has been done in databases. Subsequently, patents were conceptualized. The proportion of applicants for patents is higher in industry than in universities. The measure of exploration of the ongoing sociocognitive transformations of science and technology systems presents a useful tool to conduct a study to explore these transformations. It would be interesting for the scientific community, but also for the industry, to elaborate concept mapping when applied to avalanche research, which would help in determining referents.
文摘Presentation of ＂development of methods of foresight＂ while presenting texts of examples and concrete results： （1） Christianity （appropriately） will not now disappear overnight since it has been around for more than 2017 years! Its built-up ＂Ways＂ are precedents and subsequents to Western models of existence, chosen, among multiple alternatives, by predecessors whose influence, is shared, today and tomorrow! （2） Use of sustained faith and search for peace for continuous steady and slow evolution （in spite of difficulties） toward the inevitable future--initial belief in Christianity presenting the least worst of existing conditions for human freedom and movement. （3） Let the unwilling remain in the last wagon of the moving train from where they will （without a doubt） regret not moving onwards, but yet happily benefit from progress （such are ＂trust-busters,＂ leaving the initiatives to the ＂clearsighted＂ actors of progress）. Note that Time moves on nonetheless. （4） Use of the past （genealogy, track record, and estimation of dates of future evolutions） for its recorded evolutions in time as ＂launching parameters＂ （ex. curves...） and for projected advancements in open-ended time, using of historical proofs with world-wide testimony, witness and belie! This would help not only in ＂down-to-earth＂ reasoning but also in ＂above and beyond＂ anticipation, further down Time＇s road! Use date and timing references of the past--further historical example and proofs to be extended to the society＇s extension in the Western World and as a founding basis from which extension throughout the World could be justified （ex. starting with Europe, and without unique or limiting dogmatism）. （5） Use of cordiality and diplomacy to ease difficulties of understanding, in spite of hesitation to proceed--＂humiliations＂ of conditions （if necessary）--as the leading ＂team＂ has an agreed objective, and these ＂volonteer followers,＂ so they would be, are trapped strangled by their own leashes. （6） Opening one＇s generous arms （even if politically motivated） to fraternal and willing brethren, for endulging welcoming attitudes toward the others. This would prepare the road for others in their own progress （toward their progressive） destiny. （7） Open-up multi-culturalism as opposed to the quest for mono-cultural sovereignty! Europe would then evermore be consolidated! （8） Indeed nothing looks like an individual more than another individual! Especially, in need! And it is in needs that appears the essence of humankind!
文摘Contemporary China, the largest construction site in the world, is the centre of production of architectural ＇vessels＇ that are compacted with technical and scientific knowledge. Nevertheless, traditional wisdom and personal cultivation is often neglected in this process of creating architecture. This paper makes a connection between the Chinese ideogram of 道 （dao = way）, with the Greek term of φρovησιc （phronesis = practical wisdom）, in the context of architecture. We argue that both terms bring forth the importance of ethics and practical wisdom in the making of architecture, as a process of cultivation. This argument is discussed through two case studies： a historical Chinese garden （Sima Guang＇s ＇Garden of Solitary Enjoyment＇）, as a manifestation of Dao, and an educational situation from a contemporary architectural design studio in a school of architecture, as a manifestation of phronesis. Both these diverse examples offer a possibility to see architecture as the creation of ＇vessels for life＇ where ＇vessel＇ and ＇life＇ are inseparable.
