不同种植密度对甘草产量效益的影响

研究不同移栽方式、栽培密度对甘草产量效益的影响,探索人工种植甘草的高产途径。结果表明,不同的移栽方式可以影响甘草产量,以斜栽产量最高,较直栽、平栽分别增产13.3%、20.3%,适合大面积推广的主要模式;适宜的栽培密度为15万株/hm2。

Effect of Reducing Chemical Fertilizer on Rice Yield,Output Value,Content of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen after Utilizing the Milk Vetch

A located field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different amount of chemical fertilizer usage on rice yield,economic benefits of rice,soil carbon（C） and total nitrogen（TN） under ploughing back of Chinese milk vetch for 5consecutive years.Six treatments were included in the experiment,they are CK（unfertilized）,CF（100% chemical fertilizer with the amount of N,P2O5,K2 O being150,75,120 kg/hm^2respectively）,A1（22 500 kg/hm^2 Chinese milk vetch and 100%chemical fertilizer）,A2（Chinese milk vetch and 80% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）,A3（Chinese milk vetch and 60% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）,A4（Chinese milk vetch and 40% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）.The results were as follows：application of fertilizer could increase the yield of rice,while Chinese milk vetch combined with fertilizer application had a much more increase effect in rice yield.Under the condition of milk vetch application with 22 500 kg/hm^2,the early rice yield of the treatment A1 was significantly increased by 7.7% compared with that of CF.And the yield of treatment A3 was basically identical to or slight increase in comparison with that of CF.Decreasing amount of fertilizers cloud improve output value of rice in the case of the utilization of Chinese milk vetch.The treatment A1 increased output value of rice by 5.92% in comparison of CF,and treatment A2 was by 4.08% in the next.Treatment A4 showed much better effect in increasing soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the paddy soil than those of treatments applying mineral fertilizer only.There was a significant reduction on soil organic carbon and TN in treatment A2 in comparison with that of CF.In general,amount of application of milk vetch with 22 500 kg/hm^2 could replace chemical fertilizer partially,it also could improve rice yield,decrease the production cost,and raise the utilization efficiency of nutrients.

Effects of Different Plastic films Mulching on Soil Temperature and Moisture, the Growth and Yield of Sugarcane

[Objective] The effects of different plastic films mulching on soil temperature and moisture, and growth and yield of sugarcane were discussed in order to provide references for using different plastic film in sugarcane pro-duction. [Method]Four kinds of plastic films viz., normal colorless transparent plastic film, milky photodegradation weeding plastic film, black plastic film and gray-black plastic film were used in sugarcane cultivation by using no film mulching as the control. Soil temperature and moisture were measured during plastic film mulching period, and sugarcane agronomic traits such as emergence rate, tillering rate, plant hight, stalk diameter and effective stalk number were investigated during growth period, the cane yield and economic benefits were calculated during harvest period. [Result] The results showed that plastic film mulching could significantly increase soil temperature and moisture. Com-pared with the control, soil temperature was increased by 0.3-0.8 ℃ in three plastic films mulching treatment except for gray-black plastic film mulching. The soil moisture of all mulching treatments was 10.1%-17.4% higher than the control. Furthermore, the seedling emergence rate, tillering rate, effective stalk number and cane yield also could be improved using plastic film mulching,which were increased by 0.8%-9.9%, 20.6%-34.9%, 5190-10980 stalks/hm^2and6.4%-14.9% as compared to the control,while plant height and stalk diameter were found to be no significant effect by plastic film mulching. The results of benefit analysis indicated that, milky photodegradation weeding film mulching had the highest economic benefit, the second were normal colorless transparent plastic film mulching and black plastic film mulching, which were 5 987.2, 1 876.5 and 1 813.5 Yuan/hm^2 higher than the control. The gray-black film mulching treatment had poor benefit.[Conclusion] The milky photodegradation weeding plastic film could be vigorously extended in sugarcane production. Normal colorless transparent plastic film and black plastic film could be ex-tended gradually as a new kind of plastic film. The grayblack film should not be used for its higher cost and more thickness.

Economic Benefits of Rubber Plantations in Longjiang Farm in Hainan by the Application of Optimized Fertilization Formula

The influence of formula fertilization optimization on dry rubber yield and economic benefits of the rubber plantation in Hainan Longjiang Farm were studied by using ＂contrast＂ design method of fertilizer field experiments. The results showed that the actual production rate reached 4.61% and the net production rate of dry rubber reached 3.97% by application of optimized fertilization formula. Analysis of variance showed that the average dry rubber yield in optimization of formula fertil- ization area was significantly higher than that of conventional area. The results also indicated that the optimization of formula fertilization had obvious economic benefits, and each rubber tree reduced cost and increased 9.95 yuan on average after the test.

Study on Yield Potential of Autumn Potato/Rapeseed Intercropping System in Rice Field

In order to expIore the yield potential, regional adaptabiIity and key cuItiva-tion techniques of autumn potato/rapeseed intercropping system, and analyze its benefit performance and popuIarization value, the contrast experiments of Iarge re-gion were conducted in Yongchuan and Kalxian of Chongqing city from 2011 to 2012. The resuIts showed that the benefit increasing effect was significant because autumn potato/rapeseed intercropping patterns couId galn more one season potato in rice-rapeseed rotation area. The average yield of autumn potato and rapeseed in two test points were 13 567.35 and 2 663.25 kg/hm2 respectiveIy, and the total out-put value and net income reached to 38 773.05 yuan/hm2 and 15 772.5 yuan/hm2 respectiveIy, and cash income attalned 38 773.05 yuan/hm2, and net income reached 23 000.55 yuan/hm2, and the increased income was 17 221.8 yuan/hm2 and it increased by 310.3% comparing with rapeseed of soIe cropping. Therefore, the autumn potato/rapeseed intercropping in rice field is a new efficient cuItivation technique with very significant ecoIogical and economic benefit.

Effects of Previous Crop and Bag Color on Growth of Tomato Cultivated in Bags

[Objective] This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the further development of bag culture in production of facility vegetables. [Method] The effects of different previous crops and bag colors on the growth and development, yield and quality of tomato were investigated under the condition of substrate bag culture. [Result] The plant growth of tomato cultivated in bag was close to that of the tomato growing in soil. Under the condition of substrate bag culture, the yield of tomato was increased by as high as 4%, the irrigation water was saved by 39.6%, the fertilizer for drip irrigation was saved by 77.5%, the vitamin C content and the flavor of tomato were improved, and the content of nitrate in tomato was reduced compared with soil cultivation. [Conclusion] Substrate bag culture of tomato could achieve better economic benefits.

Effects of “3414” Fertilization Effect Test on the Yield and Economic Benefit of Sagittaria sagittifolia

[Objective] To screen the optimal fertilizer formula, and to lay foundation for the research on special fertilizer for Sagittaria sagittifolia production. [Method] Based on the ＂3414＂ fertilization design, the yield of S. sagittifolia in each treatment was determined, and the effects of N, P and K treatments on the yield and eco- nomic benefit of S. sagittifolia were investigated, obtaining the optimal fertilizer appli- cation ratio. [Result] N, P and K had relatively good effects on the yield of S. sagittifolia. Treatment of N2P2K3 showed the optimal fertilizer application ratio, with the yield of 18 397.80 kg/hm2, yield increasing rate of 104.77%, and net income in- crease of 80 317.35 Yuan/hm2. N fertilizer had the greatest impacts on the yield of S. sagittifolia, followed with K fertilizer; while P fertilizer showed the poorest impacts. [Conclusion] To achieve the highest yield of S. sagittifolia, the fertilizer application was as follows： N of 446.70 kg/hm2, P20 of 568.10 kg/hm2, K2O of 534.90 kg/hm2, when the highest yield was 18 612.75 kg/hm2. Fertilizer application for the optimal economic benefit was N of 420.60 kg/hm2, P2O5 of 70.50 kg/hm2, K2O of 492.15 kg/hm2, when the optimal yield was 18 579.00 kg/hm2.

Effects of Reducing Application Amount of Base Fertilizer and Increasing Application Time of Leaf Fertilizer on Corn Yield

This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing application amount of base fertilizer and increasing application time of leaf fertilizer on corn yield so as to find out the most economical fertilization way for corn. On the basis of protecting environment, the economic benefits will be also increased. The results showed that the corn yield was increased with the increase of application amount of base fertilizer, and was also increased with the increase of application time of leaf fertilizer.For each time of spaying of leaf fertilizer, the corn yield was increased 258-592.5kg/hm^2 with increase amplitude ranging from 2.3%-5.6%.

Responses of Seed Yield and Economic Benefit of Winter Oilseed Rape(Brassica napus L.) to Different NPK Ratio and Dose

Field experiments were conducted during 2008-2010 to investigate the ef- fects of NPK fertilization on seed yield and economic benefit of a new hybrid cultivar of winter oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） - Xiangzayou763, and to determine the optimum NPK ratio and dose in Hunan, China. The results showed that NPK ratio （1：0.50：0.50） with 180 kg/hm2 N, 90 kg/hm2 P2O5 and 90 kg/hm2 K20 was the optimum combination for the highest seed yield （2 231.13 kg/hm2） and economic benefit （9 816.97 Yuan/hm2）, of which 1 641.23 Yuan/hm2 being set for fertilizer in- vestment （VCR=4.11）. Besides, the effects of N, P and K fertilizers on seed yield and oil production of winter oilseed rape were not identical. N had the greatest ef- fect on plant growth of winter oilseed rape, followed by P and K. Total leaf number, green leaf number, leaf length and width, rhizome diameter, branch number, dry weight per plant and other agronomic characters in high N treatments were higher than those in low N treatments. By correlation and path analysis of yield components, the contribution rate to seed yield was found： effective silique number per plant〉seed number per silique〉l 000-seed weight.

COAL QUALITY CONTROL

Coal storing and loading have much more influence on coal quality. In the paper, a goal programming model has been constructed to determine the ideal quantity extracting from stockpile and silos and a quality control model is inferred under the guidance of maximum theory of dispersed number and practice methods are given to meet production demand, with which a coal mine has achieved a better tech-economic result.

Employee Downsizing of the Banking Sector in Portugal： A Case Study

Downsizing as a systematic reduction of employees is frequently utilized in order to increase productivity, efficiency, profitability, and competitiveness of firms. As a strategy of choice for many firms around the world, downsizing produces far-reaching financial, organizational, and social consequences. Despite the large body of literature, there is inconclusive evidence as to whether downsizing is effective and whether it generates the widely anticipated financial benefits. An in-depth review of the literature suggests that most downsized organizations have failed to yield economic benefits. This case study examined whether Portugal＇s eight largest banks realized their financial objectives upon the execution of downsizing activities during their recent 2008-2010 endeavors. Financial performance was measured through employee efficiency, profitability, and asset quality. Six hypotheses were defined using six different financial ratios which were deemed as integral tools for measuring financial performance of deposit-accepting banks. The secondary data were analyzed within a defined framework of two distinct phases： pre- and post-downsizing phases. A key statistical tool, the paired sample t-test, was applied to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in the ratios between the two timeframes. The analysis demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-downsizing ratios of loans per employee and deposits per employee. In contrast, no statistically significant difference was found in return on assets （ROA）, return on equity （ROE）, loans to assets, and non-performing loans to loans ratios. On the basis of this analysis, the study has concluded that downsized large Portuguese banks have largely failed to achieve their projected financial objectives.