持续高温干旱年份陆地棉农艺和产量性状的遗传效应分析

本文采用NCⅡ交配设计方法,以9个陆地棉品种(系)配置16个杂交组合,利用加性—显性与环境互作的遗传模型(ADE模型),分析亲本和F1在2013年持续高温干旱条件下望江、九江2个环境下的农艺和产量性状,估算了各项遗传方差分量,分析了性状间各项遗传效应的相关性和各性状的杂种优势。结果表明,农艺和产量性状易受环境条件影响,子棉产量、皮棉产量、单株铃数和铃重的遗传主要受显性效应控制,衣分同时受加性和显性效应控制,子指主要受加性效应控制。遗传相关分析表明,子棉产量和皮棉产量与铃重和衣分呈显性正相关;铃重与衣分呈显性正相关,衣分与子指的加性和显性均为负相关。杂种优势分析表明,中棉所63的铃重、衣分、子指、子棉产量和皮棉产量的群体平均优势达极显著水平,其皮棉产量的杂种优势可以利用至F3。

不同栽培技术对日本鲜食花生Omasari农艺性状和感官品质的影响

为提高我国食用花生的品质,研究栽培技术对日本鲜食花生Omasari的影响。设计该品种在山东省的最适播期、最佳种植密度及鲜食时收获时间,调查对主要农艺性状、产量和感官品质的影响。播期试验结果表明,在2022年4月25-5月25日西海岸新区播种的Omasari,其主茎高、侧枝长、分枝数、单株结果数和花生产量等主要性状均表现较好,处理间差异不显著,以5月10日播种的产量最高;2023年在西海岸新区和莱西市不同时期播种的Omasari的侧枝长、分枝数和单株结果数,各处理间差异不显著,以5月8日播种的产量最高。密度试验结果表明,随着种植密度的减少,该品种的侧枝长、分枝数、单株结果数出现增加的趋势;2022年在密度为74074株/hm^(2)时,其产量显著高于其它处理;2023年在密度为88889株/hm^(2)时,产量最高。根据不同收获时期Omasari的甜味、细腻度、硬度和总体喜欢度试验结果,Omasari播种后110~120 d收获,表现最佳。

化控剂“康丰利”对玉米农艺及产量性状影响研究

试验以辽单145,辽单539为品种试材,研究了不同种植密度与康丰利不同施用量条件下,玉米部分农艺性状和产量性状的变化。结果表明,喷施一定浓度的康丰利具有增产的作用,浓度过高反而减产,施用浓度2 ml/L条件下,结合合理的种植密度可以有效的发挥两个品种的产量潜力。喷施康丰利具有对品种农艺性状如株高、穗位降低,茎粗增加、节间长度缩短等作用。两品种不同种植密度与不同药剂施用量互作,辽单145百粒重随康丰利施用浓度的增加而先增大后减小,而辽单539则随着密度增加而呈上升趋势。

高大山羊草Pm13染色体片段对小麦农艺和产量性状的影响

含有高大山羊草 Pm13染色体片段的小麦种质R1B对白粉病菌表现高抗。为明确 Pm13对白粉病的抗性遗传特点及高大山羊草染色体片段对小麦农艺和产量性状的影响,利用R1B与高感小麦品种济麦22杂交获得的F_(2∶5)RIL群体进行自然诱发鉴定和分子标记分析。结果表明,发病后,RIL群体的抗、感病株系符合1∶1分离比(χ~2=3.261,χ■=3.841),说明白粉病抗性是由一对基因控制。经分子标记分析,RIL群体白粉病抗性由 Pm13控制,且符合孟德尔单基因遗传规律。RIL群体中抗白粉病组和感白粉病组间,抽穗期、开花期、株高、穗长、每穗可育小穗数、每穗不育小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒周长、长宽比等12个性状均无显著差异(P>0.05),说明高大山羊草染色体片段对这些性状没有明显不利影响。鉴于 Pm13抗性遗传稳定,应加大其利用力度,培育更多含有该基因的抗白粉病品种,发挥其在生产上的应用价值。

新疆冬小麦品种农艺及产量性状遗传多样性分析

产量是小麦育种最重要的目标性状之一,而农艺性状能直观反映品种的优劣。为了研究新疆冬小麦品种资源农艺、产量性状遗传多样性演变以及对不同生态环境的适应性,本研究以134份新疆冬小麦地方品种和54份现代育成品种为材料,分别在新疆乌鲁木齐、新疆伊宁和山东泰安3个不同的生态试验点进行了连续2年的田间种植和农艺性状观察。结果表明, 9个农艺及产量性状的广义遗传力由大到小排序依次为:株高>粒宽>籽粒长宽比>穗长>小穗数>千粒重>穗粒数>粒长>结实小穗数。进一步对9个农艺性状相关性进行分析,证明各性状之间并不是相互独立的,而是彼此相互关联。对新疆冬小麦地方品种与育成品种在不同生态环境下农艺性状的差异进行比较发现,地方品种的株高、穗长、籽粒长宽比大于育成品种,而穗粒数、千粒重、粒长、粒宽均小于育成品种,育成品种农艺及产量性状的变异系数高于地方品种,体现出近年来新疆小麦育种对株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、籽粒长宽比等农艺性状的重点改良。以上研究结果可为不同地域小麦育种亲本的选择提供重要的参考依据。

天津市青贮玉米两茬种植模式下不同品种的农艺性状与产量比较

本文分析了天津市周年平均温度及降水时间分布,确定了一年两茬种植模式下两茬适宜的播种及收获时期为:春播青贮玉米3月22日至4月6日覆膜播种,春播收获及夏播时间为7月4日至7月14日,夏播青贮玉米收获期为10月6日左右;选用先单23等8个青贮玉米品种,比较各品种从播种到乳熟后期的生育天数、植株性状与产量性状,筛选出适宜天津市一年两茬种植模式下的春夏播青贮玉米品种及品种组合。结果表明:先单23、豫青贮23、中单青贮29、北农青贮3740等品种综合性状优良,生育期适中,适宜天津市一年两茬青贮种植。春播品种先单23+夏播品种中单青贮29组合周年产量最高,可达8 326.8 kg·(667 m^2)^(-1),较对照春播品种极峰30+夏播品种京科301组合周年产量增加2 089.8 kg·(667 m^2)^(-1),增产33.7%。

不同育苗方式对辣椒农艺性状产量产值构成的影响

经过对漂浮育苗、沼液营养块育苗、营养块育苗、浅水育苗等4种育苗方式对辣椒农艺性状及产量产值构成影响的研究，结果表明：（1）漂浮育苗、沼液营养块育苗、营养块育苗、浅水育苗的辣椒苗素质优于CK。（2）生育期分别比CK多10d、9d、7d、5d；（3）单果干重分别比CK增加0．21g、0．16g、0．08g、0．06g。（4）干重667m2分别为285．3kg、263．1kg、258．5kg、245．5k，比CK分别增加53．7kg、31．5埏、26．9kg、13．9kg，比CK分别增产23．19％、13．6％、11．15％、6％；漂浮育苗比沼液营养块育苗、营养块育苗、浅水育苗的干重667m2分别增加22．2kg、26．8kg、39．8kg，分别增产7．78％、9．93％、13．95％；沼液营养块育苗比营养块育苗、浅水育苗的干重667m2分别增加4．6kg、17．6kg，分别增产1．75％、6．69％；营养块育苗比浅水育苗的干重667m2增加13k，增产5．3％；（5）纯收入分别比CK多收入538．1元、409．5元、349．7元、20．7元，分别增加30．56％、23．26％、19．86％、1．18％；沼液营养块育苗、营养块育苗、漂浮育苗每投资1元，分别比CK多收入0．33元、0．28元、0．22元。

硼肥对豫南油菜产量及其他农艺性状影响试验

在测土配方施肥技术指导下,设置三个硼肥水平处理,三个重复,通过实验表明:不同水平硼肥处理,对油菜产量及其他农艺性状均有影响.其中,1水平、2水平较0水平均增产明显,3水平较2水平出现负增长,可见在施用其他肥料相同的情况下,亩施1.8KG的硼肥增产效果最佳.

种植密度对玉米农艺性状与产量影响研究

玉米的产量在一定范围内会随种植密度的增加而提高,但种植密度过高反而会导致玉米的产量降低,并且使玉米的农艺性状会受到影响。通过定量的方法,以福建省玉米试验区的科甜981作为试验对象,研究种植密度对玉米农艺性状与产量的影响,并提出合理控制种植密度提高玉米农艺性状和产量的方法,对于农艺实务有重要的现实意义。

大蒜主要农艺性状变异特征及其与产量相关构成

大蒜是无性繁殖的作物,利用常规的方法很难去创造新的品种,因此大蒜新品种的培育是个难题。本文主要通过对大蒜的农艺性状的分析,探索出影响大蒜的产量的重要的农艺性状,以此来充分利用现有的资源,促进优质大蒜的培育。

不同光周期处理对万寿菊鲜花产量及品质的影响

为了提高万寿菊育苗后对光周期适应性,规避不利气候因素危害,选用万寿菊品种色素1号为指示品种,在播种育苗期设置了长、中、短3个光周期处理(长光周期,光照16 h/黑暗8 h;中光周期,光照12 h/黑暗12 h;短光周期,光照8 h/黑暗16 h),从种子萌发开始至第3对真叶完全展开期间持续处理,成苗后移栽到田间自然光周期中生长,观测了万寿菊株高、直径、主茎叶片数、鲜花产量及叶黄素含量。结果表明,中光周期(光照12 h/黑暗12 h)处理至3叶期移栽到田间的万寿菊顶花可见期各性状指标表现良好、产量较高,为19507.0 kg/hm^(2),干花叶黄素含量最高,为4.425 g/kg。

小麦品种宁7840突变体农艺性状和赤霉病抗性解析

为了解突变体与野生型小麦的农艺性状、产量和抗性差异,以高抗赤霉病小麦品种宁7840及其23个甲磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱导的纯合突变体(Mu4)作为材料,研究其分蘖数、株高、叶绿素含量、千粒重、小穗数、穗粒数及赤霉病抗性等12个指标的差异。结果表明,除叶长、分蘖数和小穗数在突变体与野生型之间无显著差异外,其余9个性状在野生型与部分突变体之间有显著差异。N8和N16两个突变体表现高感赤霉病;N16突变体的叶宽、SPAD值、千粒重和粒宽显著优于野生型,其株高显著低于野生型。赤霉病病小穗率与叶长显著负相关,叶长可作为筛选小麦赤霉病抗性品系的间接指标;叶宽和粒宽可作为筛选小麦产量性状的重要指标。基于12个性状的聚类分析,将24个小麦材料聚为3类,其中第I类在产量性状方面优于其他两类。

早熟抗病杂交组合F_(1)、F_(2)杂种优势分析

以辽宁省经济作物研究所自育的4个早熟抗病品种(系)为母本,3个外引资源为父本配置8个杂交组合,对杂交组合的F_(1)、F_(2)抗病性、产量及农艺性状进行比较分析。结果表明,F_(1)、F_(2)枯黄萎病抗性级别均表现为抗或高抗,同一组合不同世代反应型相同;F_(1)、F_(2)大部分产量及农艺性状都具有平均正向竞争优势,其中籽棉产量和皮棉产量正向竞争优势最大,增幅为3.50%~19.66%、2.87%~10.81%;杂交组合F_(2)较F_(1)呈现出不同程度的优势衰退,铃重和衣分的降低是F_(2)产量竞争优势衰退的主要原因;H2、H8组合F2在早熟性、抗病性、产量上仍存在一定的剩余优势,具有一定的生产潜力和利用价值。

腐植酸缓释肥料对花生农艺性状、品质性状及产量的影响

对腐植酸缓释肥在花生上进行肥效试验,研究不同肥料品种对花生的农艺性状、经济性状和产量的影响。结果表明:等养分条件下,施用活化腐植酸缓释肥的花生长势、经济性状和产量均优于其他处理,其中活化腐植酸缓释肥增产效果最显著,每亩增产20.4%。果仁中蛋白质含量增加0.96%～1.79%,脂肪含量增加1.68%～4.66%;氮磷钾利用率分别提高29.54%～67.71%,14.61%～34.55%和5.98%～23.85%。本试验以活化腐植酸缓释肥肥效最好。

不同基因型甘蔗种质遗传特性分析

为探明7份甘蔗原种和11份土著种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,筛选出优良甘蔗种质和优良杂交亲本,利用7个产量农艺性状和9个品质工艺性状,对18份甘蔗种质进行遗传特性分析和聚类分析。7个产量农艺性状存在着不同程度的遗传变异,表现出不同程度的遗传分化,变异系数最大的是单茎质量,为31.09%。品质工艺性状遗传变异主要来自还原糖分和甘蔗纤维分,变异系数分别为74.50%、34.07%。聚类结果表明,18份甘蔗种质分成两大类,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类;2个亚类群A类和B类;3个小类群B_1、B_2、B_3。其中,Ⅰ类属于早熟低糖种质,B2类属于高糖早熟种质,A类属于优良的高纤维种质,B_1类具有较大的株高、茎径、单茎质量和甘蔗出汁率,是高产材料改良育种的目标。Ⅰ类最先分开,遗传关系与Ⅱ类中的B3最远。

Relation Analysis of Several Agronomic Traits and Single Plant Lint Yield in Upland Cotton with High Quality

[ Objective] The purpose was to study the correlation between main agronomic traits and single plant lint yield in upland cotton with high quality. [ Method] Twenty-four upland cotton lines with high quality were analyzed for single plant lint yield and 10 agronomic traits in a randomized, complete block at the agriculture experimental station of JXAU, Nanchang, China in 2007. They were divided into three types （ high, medium, low yield） based on single plant lint yield by Ward＇s method. A total of 11 traits of three types were compared. Correlation a- nalysis and stepwise regression analysis of 10 agronomic traits to single plant lint yield were carried out. [ Result] There existed statistically sig- nificant difference in bolls per plant, ~int percentage, lint index, fruit node numbers, growth period for three yield types. The high yield type ex- hibited the highest bolls per plant, lint percentage and lint index, the lowest fruit node numbers and the shortest growth period. Bolls per plant, boll weight and single plant lint yield were significantly and positively correlated. Fruit node numbers and single plant lint yield were significantly and negatively correlated. Bolls per plant, boll weight, and fruiting position number were the most important factors influencing single plant lint yield of upland cotton lines with high quality. [ Conclusion ] The results will have certain significance for the development of upland cotton variety with high quality.

Correlation and Principal Component Analysis on Main Agronomic Traits of New Waxy Corn Varieties

[Objective] This study was conducted to provide certain theoretical reference for the comprehensive evaluation and breeding of new fresh waxy corn vari- eties. [Method] With 5 good fresh waxy corn varieties as experimental materials, correlation analysis and principal component anatysis were performed on 13 agronomic traits, i.e., plant height, ear position, ear weight, ear diameter, axis diameter, ear length, bald tip length, ear row number, number of grains per row, 100-kernel weight, fresh ear yield, tassel length, and tassel branch number. [Result] The principal component analysis performed to the 13 agronomic traits showed that the first three principal components, i.e., the fresh ear yield factors, the tassel factors and the bald top factors, had an accumulative contribution rate over 87.2767%, and could basically represent the genetic information represented by the 13 traits. The first principal component is the main index for the selection and evaluation of good corn varieties which should have large ear, large ear diameter but small axis diameter, i.e., longer grains, larger number of grains per ear, higher, 100-grain weight and higher plant height. As to the second principal component, the plants of fresh corn varieties are best to have longer tassel and not too many branches, and under the premise of ensuring enough pollen for the female spike, the varieties with fewer tassel branches shoud be selected as far as possible. From the point of the third principal component, bald tip length affects the marketing quality of fresh corn, and during fariety evaluation and breeding, the bald top length should be control at the Iowest standard. [Conclusion] The fresh ear yield of corn is in close positive correlation with ear weight, 100-grain weight, ear diameter, number of grains per row and ear length, and plant height also affects fresh ear yield.

Effects of the Application of Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Rapeseed Yield, Agronomic Characters and Soil Fertility

In order to study the effects of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF） application on rapeseed, a simulated experiment was carried out with 3 types of paddy soils in Dongting Lake area for 4 consecutive years of applying CRNF under double rice cropping system after planting rapeseed crop in the fallow season. The effects of CRNF application on rapeseed yield, agronomic characters and soil fertility were studied in this paper. The results showed that CRNF application improved the growth of rapeseed plant and increased rapeseed yield of CRNF treatments in the purple calcareous clayed paddy soil （PCS） and alluvial loamy paddy soil （ALS） which respectively increased by 12.2% and 9.8% compared with applying urea, re- spectively. The rapeseed yield in 70% CRNF treatment obviously decreased com- pared with urea treatment. The contents of available N and organic carbon in soil increased by 25.0% and 3.2% in CRNF treatment in the ALS after rapeseed crop, respectively; and available N increased by 13.5% in the PCS. Both rapeseed yield and soil fertility in CRNF treatment and 70% CRNF treatment were lower than those in CK treatment in the reddish yellow clayed paddy soil （RYS）. The results al- so indicated that the functions of CRNF application on rapeseed yield increase and soil nitrogen fertility improvement were very obvious in the PCS and ALS.

Effects of Vermicompost on Agronomic Characters and Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

The effects of vermicompost on the agronomic characters and yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were investigated. The results showed that, the field growth periods of various treatments were 117-118 d, 1-2 days longer than that of the CK. The numbers of effective leaves of the treatments applied with vermicompost were 0.1-0.3 leaf more than the CK. The highest yield and the highest proportion of high-grade tobacco occurred in treatment 3 as 2 095.5 kg/m^2 and 49%, respectively, which were higher than those in the CK by 6.58 kg and 5.3%. In conclusion, the treatment with the application of vermicompost at 7 500-10 500 kg/hm^2 was the best.

The Effect of Sowing Date and Density on the Characters and Yield of Maize in Chongqing

In order to investigate the most suitable sowing period and the optimum planting density of new com variety ‘Yudan 30＇ In Chongqing region, using split plot experiment design, the effect of sowing date and planting density on main a- gronomic characters and yield of maize in the field was studied. The results showed that in Chongqing, the delay of sowing date could shorten the fertility peri- od, and reduce 100-grain Weight and yield, but could increase plant height and ear height, panicle traits did not change significantly. With the density increasing, plant height and ear height also increased, while ear length, ear diameter, stem diameter, row number and kernel number also decreased. 100-grain weight and yield also in- creased with the increase of density, but to a certain threshold, yield and 100-grain weight decreased with the increase of density. The yield of 3 sowing periods pre- sented as AI〉A2〉A3, the yield of 4 kinds of density presented as B3〉EH〉B2〉B1, and the yield under sowing time and density interaction presented as AIB3〉A1B4〉 A2.B3〉A2.B4〉A3B3〉 A3B4〉A2.B2〉A1BI〉A2BI〉A3BI. So proper eady sowing and increase of planting density could raise the yield of maize per unit area, and AIB3 was the optimum planting configuration in Chongqing area.