最近，美国科学家James E．Hansen在2005美国地球物理学会（AGU）年会上的报告中警告我们：“还有时间避免全球气候的‘危险人为干扰’吗？”…，其后在2006年的纽约市新社会研究学院（New School for Social Research）大会上，再次发...最近，美国科学家James E．Hansen在2005美国地球物理学会（AGU）年会上的报告中警告我们：“还有时间避免全球气候的‘危险人为干扰’吗？”…，其后在2006年的纽约市新社会研究学院（New School for Social Research）大会上，再次发出警告：“我们还能避免危险的人为气候变化吗？”展开更多
Attempts to understand and respond to the threat of anthropogenic climate change,the defining challenge of our era,increasingly reveal the inadequacy of the dominant conceptual systems of thought.Recognizing the need ...Attempts to understand and respond to the threat of anthropogenic climate change,the defining challenge of our era,increasingly reveal the inadequacy of the dominant conceptual systems of thought.Recognizing the need for a fundamental change in the dominant models of industrial development,the concept of sustainability has quickly become the idea around which contemporary environmentalism is centered.This essay argues that while the concept of sustainability is important,it ultimately does not address the root of the ecological crisis.With Aldo Leopold(1887-1948),I argue that it is an"evolutionary possibility and an ecological necessity"that we develop what he calls a"land ethic."If we are truly to address the root causes of the ecological crisis,humanity must stop conceiving of proper land use merely in terms of economic expedience and recognize that we are ultimately a member and citizen of the wider"biotic community."In the end,green development is development which is compatible with the integrity,stability,and beauty of the nature.展开更多
土壤湿度和气候变化在2010年俄罗斯西部热浪事件中的角色——Role of soil moisture versus recent climate change for the 2010 heat wave in western Russia.Geophysical Research Letters,2016,Vol.43,No.6.2010年,俄罗斯西部严重...土壤湿度和气候变化在2010年俄罗斯西部热浪事件中的角色——Role of soil moisture versus recent climate change for the 2010 heat wave in western Russia.Geophysical Research Letters,2016,Vol.43,No.6.2010年,俄罗斯西部严重的热浪事件被发现受到了人为气候变化的影响。此外,土壤水分—温度反馈也被认为对异常高的温度的累积具有重要影响。展开更多
There is an urban design problem that outdoor public spaces are not used for long periods of time within a year due to coldness and snow cover in cities with severe winter climates （winter cities）. Therefore, an urb...There is an urban design problem that outdoor public spaces are not used for long periods of time within a year due to coldness and snow cover in cities with severe winter climates （winter cities）. Therefore, an urban design that promotes activities in these spaces is required for winter cities. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between outdoor environmental conditions and the behaviors of people in outdoor public spaces. This six-month study conducted a field survey in six kinds of public spaces in downtown Sapporo and analyzed the changes of microclimates and sitting behaviors in these spaces. The analysis revealed that sitting behaviors decreased with temperature drops during the cooling period （20 ~C-8 ~C）, that sunlight could suppress the reduction in the number of sitting behaviors, and that wind speed could suppress the reduction in the duration of sitting behaviors.展开更多
Increases in climate variability, including extremes, may be expected with anthropogenic climate change, but some evidence is contrary. The issue is important because the consequences of variability can be critical fo...Increases in climate variability, including extremes, may be expected with anthropogenic climate change, but some evidence is contrary. The issue is important because the consequences of variability can be critical for ecosystems. It has long been known and often rehearsed that ecological consequences of increased variability may be greater than those that result from expected changes in mean temperature and precipitation. Tree rings have been useful indicators of ecological response to climate change and used as proxies for climate variability;work in the Rocky Mountains, USA, has been particularly informative. Chronologies from two high elevation species ranging over 2500 km were analyzed for changes in variance through time. These spatially extensive and disaggregated tree ring records do not show a consistent pattern of change in variance over the past 500 or 100 years; heteroscedasticity has recently been greater. A lack of consistent response in growth over a period encompassing changes in mean climate indicates that mountain environments, with inconsistent trends in temperature and precipitation,may be too complex to act as sentinels.展开更多
With a scientific consensus reached regarding the anthropogenic effect on global mean temperature, developing reliable regional climate projections has emerged as a new challenge for climate science. A national projec...With a scientific consensus reached regarding the anthropogenic effect on global mean temperature, developing reliable regional climate projections has emerged as a new challenge for climate science. A national project was launched in China in 2012 to study ocean's role in regional climate change. This paper starts with a review of recent advances in the study of regional climate re-sponse to global warming, followed by a description of the Chinese project including the rationale, objectives, and plan for field ob-servations. The 15 research articles that follow in the special issue are highlighted, representing some of the initial results from the project.展开更多
Animal performance is affected by high air temperature and it is known that shade reduces the absorption of radiant temperature, and water for immersion facilitates heat loss. This study intends to find preferences of...Animal performance is affected by high air temperature and it is known that shade reduces the absorption of radiant temperature, and water for immersion facilitates heat loss. This study intends to find preferences of resources that contribute for the well-being of cattle and how they alterdaily behaviour. During summer, six Caracu and six Red Angus bulls were submitted to two different treatments： availability of artificial shade and water for immersion and availability of water for immersion. The categories observed were： positions （in the sun, under the shade, in the water）, posture （standing, lying down） and activities （grazing, ruminating leisure）. The behavioural patterns were recorded using the focal sampling method every 15 minutes （from 6：00 a.m. to 6：00 p.m.）. When shade and water for immersion coexists, cattle in this study prefer shade to avoid solar radiation. Both breeds had remained more time grazing, followed by ruminating in the Caracu breed, and by resting in the Red Angus breed. The Caracu breed had presented clear preference for the shade resource, but that fact was not always observed in the Red Angus breed. In hot climates, resources for defence against heat load, as shade and water for immersion improve the well-being of cattle.展开更多
2016年12月12日,《环境研究快报》（Geophysical Research Letters）发表题为《甲烷在人为气候变化中的作用越来越大》（The Growing Role of Methane in Anthropogenic Climate Change）的文章指出,大气中的甲烷浓度自2007年开始大幅上升,
文摘最近，美国科学家James E．Hansen在2005美国地球物理学会（AGU）年会上的报告中警告我们：“还有时间避免全球气候的‘危险人为干扰’吗？”…，其后在2006年的纽约市新社会研究学院（New School for Social Research）大会上，再次发出警告：“我们还能避免危险的人为气候变化吗？”
文摘Attempts to understand and respond to the threat of anthropogenic climate change,the defining challenge of our era,increasingly reveal the inadequacy of the dominant conceptual systems of thought.Recognizing the need for a fundamental change in the dominant models of industrial development,the concept of sustainability has quickly become the idea around which contemporary environmentalism is centered.This essay argues that while the concept of sustainability is important,it ultimately does not address the root of the ecological crisis.With Aldo Leopold(1887-1948),I argue that it is an"evolutionary possibility and an ecological necessity"that we develop what he calls a"land ethic."If we are truly to address the root causes of the ecological crisis,humanity must stop conceiving of proper land use merely in terms of economic expedience and recognize that we are ultimately a member and citizen of the wider"biotic community."In the end,green development is development which is compatible with the integrity,stability,and beauty of the nature.
文摘土壤湿度和气候变化在2010年俄罗斯西部热浪事件中的角色——Role of soil moisture versus recent climate change for the 2010 heat wave in western Russia.Geophysical Research Letters,2016,Vol.43,No.6.2010年,俄罗斯西部严重的热浪事件被发现受到了人为气候变化的影响。此外,土壤水分—温度反馈也被认为对异常高的温度的累积具有重要影响。
文摘There is an urban design problem that outdoor public spaces are not used for long periods of time within a year due to coldness and snow cover in cities with severe winter climates （winter cities）. Therefore, an urban design that promotes activities in these spaces is required for winter cities. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between outdoor environmental conditions and the behaviors of people in outdoor public spaces. This six-month study conducted a field survey in six kinds of public spaces in downtown Sapporo and analyzed the changes of microclimates and sitting behaviors in these spaces. The analysis revealed that sitting behaviors decreased with temperature drops during the cooling period （20 ~C-8 ~C）, that sunlight could suppress the reduction in the number of sitting behaviors, and that wind speed could suppress the reduction in the duration of sitting behaviors.
文摘Increases in climate variability, including extremes, may be expected with anthropogenic climate change, but some evidence is contrary. The issue is important because the consequences of variability can be critical for ecosystems. It has long been known and often rehearsed that ecological consequences of increased variability may be greater than those that result from expected changes in mean temperature and precipitation. Tree rings have been useful indicators of ecological response to climate change and used as proxies for climate variability;work in the Rocky Mountains, USA, has been particularly informative. Chronologies from two high elevation species ranging over 2500 km were analyzed for changes in variance through time. These spatially extensive and disaggregated tree ring records do not show a consistent pattern of change in variance over the past 500 or 100 years; heteroscedasticity has recently been greater. A lack of consistent response in growth over a period encompassing changes in mean climate indicates that mountain environments, with inconsistent trends in temperature and precipitation,may be too complex to act as sentinels.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB955600)
文摘With a scientific consensus reached regarding the anthropogenic effect on global mean temperature, developing reliable regional climate projections has emerged as a new challenge for climate science. A national project was launched in China in 2012 to study ocean's role in regional climate change. This paper starts with a review of recent advances in the study of regional climate re-sponse to global warming, followed by a description of the Chinese project including the rationale, objectives, and plan for field ob-servations. The 15 research articles that follow in the special issue are highlighted, representing some of the initial results from the project.
文摘Animal performance is affected by high air temperature and it is known that shade reduces the absorption of radiant temperature, and water for immersion facilitates heat loss. This study intends to find preferences of resources that contribute for the well-being of cattle and how they alterdaily behaviour. During summer, six Caracu and six Red Angus bulls were submitted to two different treatments： availability of artificial shade and water for immersion and availability of water for immersion. The categories observed were： positions （in the sun, under the shade, in the water）, posture （standing, lying down） and activities （grazing, ruminating leisure）. The behavioural patterns were recorded using the focal sampling method every 15 minutes （from 6：00 a.m. to 6：00 p.m.）. When shade and water for immersion coexists, cattle in this study prefer shade to avoid solar radiation. Both breeds had remained more time grazing, followed by ruminating in the Caracu breed, and by resting in the Red Angus breed. The Caracu breed had presented clear preference for the shade resource, but that fact was not always observed in the Red Angus breed. In hot climates, resources for defence against heat load, as shade and water for immersion improve the well-being of cattle.
文摘2016年12月12日,《环境研究快报》（Geophysical Research Letters）发表题为《甲烷在人为气候变化中的作用越来越大》（The Growing Role of Methane in Anthropogenic Climate Change）的文章指出,大气中的甲烷浓度自2007年开始大幅上升,
