论经济法之内物权及其应用——创设新的法权利 深入关怀人权 促进中国变穷为富

存在于人体之内的物 (劳动力 )是一种特殊的物权客体。如果民法所保护的存在于人体之外的物 (有体物与自然力 )的权利可以称为民法之外物权 ,那末 ,人对其存在于人体之内的物 (劳动力 )的权利 ,就可称为经济法之内物权。创设经济法之内物权 ,是法律对人权的深入关怀 ,符合社会化生产发展的要求。经济法之内物权是经济法所需确认和保护的最基本的权利 ,它既可应用于微观经济法 ,也可应用于宏观经济法 ,这有利于开发我国丰富的人力资源 ,有利于全面保护人们劳动创造财富的合法权益 ,有利于促进中国变穷为富。

China's Industrial Upgrade and Human Capital Improvement

Based on statistics, this paper reviews China＇s economic growth and industrial upgrade since the reform and opening up in 1978 and estimates the contribution of industrial restructuring to economic growth. With the years of schooling as the proxy variable of human capital, this paper describes changes in China＇s labor competence during the industrial restructuring process. Then, this paper estimates China＇s future human capital demand and shortage based on economic and demographic forecast. Lastly, this paper proposes recommendations for improving human capital in China with skills development and education.

A Study of the Gendered Identity of Female Migrants in Contemporary China

As a new group in the process of socio-economic transformation, female members of the Chinese floating population have negative self-identities rooted in the traditional gender discrimination in China society. This impacts negatively on female migrants1 both physiologically and psychologically, disadvantaging them in the pursuit of resources, opportunities and rights. It is therefore necessary to positively influence the self-image of female migrants so as to ensure their rights, further their interests and ultimately to achieve gender equality.

Technical efficiency and its determinants of the various cropping systems in the purple-soiled,hilly region of southwestern China

This study examines the technical efficiency(TE) differences among typical cropping systems of smallholder farmers in the purple-soiled hilly region of southwestern China.Household-,plot-,and crop-level data and community surveys were conducted to explore TE levels and determinants of typical cropping systems by using a translog stochastic frontier production function.Results indicate significant difference in TE and its determinants among cropping systems.The mean TEs of the rice cropping system(R),the rice-rape cropping system(RR),the rice-rape-potato cropping system(RRP),and the oil cropping system(O) are0.86,0.90,0.84,and 0.85,respectively,which are over 1.17 times higher than those of the maize-sweet potato-other crop cropping system(MSO) and the maize-sweet potato-wheat cropping system(MSW) at0.78 and 0.69,respectively.Moreover,Technical inefficiency(TIE) of different cropping systems is significantly affected by characteristics of the household as well as plot.However,the impact of land quality,mechanical cultivation conditions,crop structure,farming system,farm radius,household type,cultivated land area per capita,and annual household income per capitalon TIE vary by cropping system.Additionally,output elasticity of land,labor,and capital,as a group,is greater than the one of agricultural machinery and irrigation.Finally,when household-owned effective agricultural labor is at full farming capacity,optimal plot sizes for the R,RR,RRP,MSO,MSW,and 0 cropping systems are 1.12hm^2,0.35 hm^2,0.25 hm^2,2.82 hm^2,1.87 hm^2,and 1.17hm^2,respectively.

The Asymmetric Response of Older Male Labour Force Participation Rates to Pension Reform and Labour Market Variables

Increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers is a fundamental component of most OECD （Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development） countries＇ response to the fiscal pressures associated with ageing populations. Both pension reform and employment policies are key elements to achieving such increases in participation and reversing the early retirement trends of recent decades. Econometric modeling results from a panel of 12 OECD countries indicate that labour market variables have a greater influence than social security pension value or the standard age of retirement on the labour force participation rates of males aged 55-64 years. Further results from modeling the potential asymmetric response of participation rates to unemployment rates indicate that a decrease in unemployment rates has a greater impact upon increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers compared to the effect of an increase on unemployment rates has on discouraging participation. We found mixed results for the asymmetric response of participation to an increase or decrease in pension value. Findings thus emphasize the importance of labour market oriented policies to reduce unemployment rates in the developed economies in coming years to address ageing population concerns.

Problems and Prospects Faced by Chinese Higher Education Management in the Era of Globalization

The present and future international competitions, in the final analysis, are the talent competition. China is the world＇ s most populous nation, and it is the world＇ s most resource-rich countries of labor. Full development of human resources enhance the people＇ s level of education in general, which is today＇ s global trend of development of human resources in order to enhance the comprehensive national strength, but also the inevitable choice based on China＇ s basic national conditions of building a moderately prosperous society. It is faced with competition for talent era of knowledge economy, and it is in the face of economic globalization and integration trends in the face of China＇ s human resources situation. How to make heavy population burden into a country rich in human resources and how to play this advantage, how to create hundreds of millions of high-quality workers and technical personnel, innovative talents, education, especially higher education in China will play an increasingly important role.

Informatization of Human Resource Management and Analysis of Risk Control

With coming of the global economy era, developed countries have to abandon traditional manufacturing to lower labor costs developing countries due to rising labor costs. Chinese manufacturing industry which is called ＂world factory＂ is facing upgrading technology updates, which promotes high- skilled talents upward trend in the demand for talent in an increasingly competitive speed. To adapt to this environment, corporate human resources has taken a proactive human resources strategy in the ＂ election ＂, ＂ education＂ , ＂use＂ , and ＂stay＂ , select qualified personnel, develop and motivate key employees. But the human resource management is properly and effectively crucial. In this context, we study human resource management and evaluate it： how to measure human resource management and promote the strategic objectives of the enterprise of human resource management services has important practical significance.

Growing Wages and Changing Demand for Workers in Chinese Enterprises

Taking advantage of company survey data,this paper examines the responsiveness of enterprises in manufacturing sectors to the recent labor market changes characterized by surging wages and shrinking unskilled workers.The result shows that the labor demand elasticity with regard to output is substantial.In other words,growing manufacturing will keep creating jobs and intensify labor scarcity in China.The wage elasticity is-0.40 for unskilled workers and-0.53 for skilled workers,which indicates that Chinese companies are quite responsive to the recent labor market changes.There exists a kind of substitution effect between skilled and unskilled workers,however,the magnitude of elasticity remains small.To promote economic upgrading in China's labor market,institutional and industrial policies should encourage companies to be responsive to the warning signals from the market of production factor.

Education and Employment （2005-2009） A Comparative Analysis Between the Spanish and Foreign Working Population

Spain became a net receiver country of a high number of foreigners entering the labour market in the first decade of the 21 st century. The ensuing economic crisis, beginning in 2007, led to the destruction of a large number of companies and jobs. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between educational level, employment and economic activity, in the Spanish and foreign working population in the Spanish labour market and the impact that the economic crisis is having on employment and self-employment. The hypotheses considered have been as followed--HI： The economic crisis mainly affects the less educated working population, both Spanish and foreign; H2： Self-employment is characterized by being an initiative of a working population with low educational levels for both population groups （Spanish and foreign）; H3： Employment is related to the productive economic structure. Micro-data from the Labour Force Survey 2009 （EPA in Spanish） has been used, compiled by Spains National Statistics Office （INE in Spanish）, and it has been applied Multiple Correspondence Analysis （MCA） to detect possible associations among the study variables （nationality, level of education, salaried employment, self-employment and economic activity）. The results show significant differences between both groups： Spanish and foreign working population. The study also shows how the crisis affects employment, and the important role played by the educational level of the working population, especially foreigners employed in certain economic activities.

The Research of actual Effect of Delay Retirement on Youth Employment

Since China＇s reform and opening up, the life expectancy of the population has prolonged. As a result, the trend of population aging is becoming increasingly serious. The time was pushed back when young workers entered the labor market, while the phenomenon was common that the elderly who should have retired were still engaged in working. Therefore, the retirement age shall be subjected to an imperative delay. In the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the central government proposed the ＂formulation of gradual delay retirement scheme ＂, which triggered a widespread concern among all sectors in the society. Support and opposition to delay of retirement focus on the impact made by extension of retirement age on the employment. The youth employment, however, is still the issue of social concemThis paper makes a systematic study on the controversy of the relevant scholars, and makes a detailed investigation of the reasons behind the various viewpoints, which is beneficial to the judgment of the rationality between the two parties of the dispute, and then seeks the solution to the problem.

The Cause Analysis of College Student Human Capital Depreciation in China

Human capital depreciation can be divided into stock depreciation and utility depreciation, which will cause the waste of human capital investment, and let human capital value fail to fully embody, affecting social development. In the critical time of China facing population aging and economic transformation, as the new human capital of the labor market, college students play an important role to social and economic development. Therefore, preventing and mitigating their human capital depreciation is necessary. This article focus on human capital investment and configuration stage, analyze the influence of unreasonable human capital investment system and separate labor market segmentation system to college student human capital depreciation, and put forword the corresponding countermeasures.

Art Education Need of Adults and Contribution of Art Education to Their Personalities

Education is a mental effort that an individual performs alone or in a group for the purpose of perceiving the surrounding, understanding, and putting a meaning on it. In this sense, it would be a reasonable idea that an individual should benefit from art education in order to have a complete education, since art is not just creating an aesthetic object or being aware of staying against an aesthetic object. Art means that it occurs in every stage, in every action, in all attitudes and behaviors of human being realized in an aesthetic concern without thinking When the individuals having an art education in primary and secondary education start their education in a higher education program in a faculty or department other than art education, art education loses its continuity. However art education should be continuous and it is of importance in terms of its contribution to this continuity since the studies of art education for the adults out of formal education would support it. The purpose of the current study was to determine the needs of adults and also the support that would be obtained from any kind of educational activities for art education, and to propose some recommendations in this sense

Examining the Impacts of China＇s Aging Population on Its Labor Suppl.y from the Labor Quality Perspective

On the basis of sufficient considerations to the attributes of China＇s development and uniqueness of population aging, this paper examines the overall impacts of China＇s population aging on labor supply in the four aspects of education level, skill level, work intensi（y and the share of working age population. Results indicate that despite the irreversibil#y in the decline of labor supply under the effect of intensifying degrees of population aging in the long run, this tendency will be weakened or slowed down by the improvement in labor quali^y. It is expected that China＇s real labor supply will not encounter a significant turning point by 2027, which is 12 years later than the occurrence of decline in nominal labor supply measured by labor quanti~

Research on gender structure of accounting profession in China

One of the most striking phenomena in recent years has been the increasing proportion of women in the labour force, enabling women in many fields to use their potential and to achieve economic independence. So the gender structure analysis becomes more and more important to society and economic development. Accounting research lacks the study of gender issues. This paper intends to summarize the gender structure of accounting profession in China, and aims to explore the critical factors such as economic system of government, traditional characteristics of women, glass ceiling and psychological factors which take a great influence on the gender structure of accounting profession. A conclusion can be made that the proportion of women participation in accounting profession is higher than men, but the majority of senior accounting professionals in China are still men.

China＇s Experience in Rural Poverty Reduction.Jobs from Industrialization and Urbanization to Increase Rural Household Income

This paper makes an appraisal of the successful experience of China, a country with the largest agricultural population in the world, in the reduction of rural poverty. We conclude that it is an indispensible strategy to give priority to the development of urban sectors to promote economic growth and reduce rural poverty, and that the development of low value-added agriculture yields few, if any, benefits in decreasing rural poverty. By first adopting urban-biased policies and promoting industrialization, China has created new sources of economic growth and urban employment opportunities to absorb the surplus rural workforce. Entering labor-intensive industrial sectors for higher incomes has thus become a critical avenue for the rural poor to benefit from economic growth and escape poverty.

Ordinary Workers and Industrial Relations in a New World Order

Taking its point of departure from a NATO （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） conference held in Copenhagen in 1953, this papers begins by tracing the foundation of the powerful political role that labor organizations held during a significant part of the twentieth century. At the conference, ＂labor＂ was emphasized as occupying a ＂key role＂ in the struggle of Western societies to withstand the challenge of communism--military alone could not achieve this objective. Since around 1990, this has fundamentally changed and the paper explores the contemporary situation through an ethnographic study--involving fieldwork at both workplaces and private homes--of Polish migrant laborers participating in the Danish labor market. Firstly, it is shown how the Polish laborers, due to the lower costs they represent, benefit from the new opportunities. Secondly, the paper illustrates how the trade union, though uneasy with the downward pressure on wage and working conditions that the Polish represent, prioritizes the organization of workers in order to maintain some degree of control over the labor market. Finally, the question is raised how the EU （European Union） is able to navigate two contrasting concerns： the urge both to create more cross-border competition and to uphold an image of a ＂social Europe＂ which might be key to maintain cohesion and legitimacy.

The Human Capital Return and Social Integration of Migrants in China

From the perspective of migrants ＇self-selection and skill transferability theories, this paper compares human capital return rates of different migrant groups in urban China and discuss the possibility of economic status identified by migrants as local labors. Results suggest that positive self-selection works for all types of migrant labors. Migrant workers with non-agricultural household registration or feinong hukou have no trouble to be integrated into the labor market of destination. They even have higher income and human capital return rates than local urban workers. Newly-arrived migrant peasants earn less than local labors. However, after a certain period, the skilled migrant workers catch up with local labors and are economically integrated into the local labor market while the low-skilled migrant group still earns less. Therefore the integration of migrant labors in urban labor market is yet a kind of segregated integration.

The rural economic development under the background of food security, resource allocation and regional coordination

From the background of new socialist countryside building, this paper proposes that the allocation of resources in rural areas is the organic combination of human resources in rural manpower on its possible configuration space, noting that effective human resource allocation in rural areas is of great significance to promote the moderately prosperous society building and to improve economic efficiency of human resources in rural areas and to increase farmers＇ income and so on ; Meanwhile, it analyzes the current situation and some problems of rural human resource allocation ; Finally, from the perspective of subject of human resources allocation in rural areas, it raises possible valid configuration path.

Construction of Mechanized Claw as a Teaching Method in Engineering

The labor market requires, increasingly, an updated and more professional preparation, mainly due to the rapid pace of scientific technical advancement means in the industry. From this point, it is important to encourage the development of the basic techniques of control systems, electronics and communication in order to produce knowledge in the mechatronic field and so apply them to industry. Considering the relevance of this subject, the students of Federal University of Para-Campus Tucumi through the Research Group of Electrical and Mechanical Systems apply their knowledge in multidisciplinary engineering fields in order to generate knowledge from creative techniques using low cost materials, together with the encouragement of social and environmental responsibility which is very important nowadays. At the same time, targeting the needs of the labor market, this work aims to foster in students the skills and requirements through team projects and innovative methods. Therefore, this paper presents a mechanical manipulator, where their operating characteristics are based on industrial robots in the literature, powered by DC （direct current） motors and fully developed from reusable materials. By adding a developed control from the Arduino, prototyping platform with an electronic strategic offers through the internet the long-distance control convenience.

Rural Labor Migration and Poverty Reduction in China

Using various sources of data, this paper examines the contributions of rural labor migration to economic growth and poverty reduction in China. The results show that there is still a significant number of people living in poverty in rural areas, while the effectiveness of migration on poverty reduction has declined, implying an urgent need for new approaches to poverty reduction. China＇s experiences could also be valuable for the formulation of development strategies in other developing countries.