从“人化物”到“异化”——《礼记·乐记》一个哲学命题的考察

《礼记·乐记》所提出的"物至而人化物"这一命题,蕴含着丰富而深刻的思想。对这一命题的原初蕴含以及经学家的解释加以考察,可见出孔颖达氏理解的偏颇之处,也能够发掘出该命题的深刻意蕴。"人化物"所关注的是以礼来节制人的欲望,是从礼乐的相反相成来立论的,并进而考察人与物发生联系时所应该采取的态度,是在"天人合一"、前"互主体性"的观念下来论述"物——人"关系的,与中国古代的朴素辩证法思想一脉相承。其合理内核与马克思"异化"的哲学命题有相通之处。

体育:一种“人化物”的延展

"人化性质""非必要性"与"追求卓越"是蕴涵在体育之中的3个重要特征。主要采用文献资料法,在巴里·艾伦的"人化物"理论的基础上对这3个特性进行哲学化的描述与定位,以哲学人类学的方法在体育史的维度上梳理在古希腊体育、中世纪体育与现代体育中"人化性质""非必要性"与"追求卓越"这3个特性的或隐或显的历史传递,由此实现在"人化物"理论与舍勒"内驱力"理论襄助下对体育史和体育概念的重新解读,形成对体育内在价值的挖掘,并在重构与反思的基础上提出哲学人类学方法在体育史中的研究价值。

人的物化与物的人化——人与虚拟世界的主体际关系刍议

作为近年来国内外学界悉心探究的一个热点话题,虚拟世界的兴起,其意义不仅仅在于某种新型科技的实现,更重要的是,在人与虚拟世界的互动中,通过人的物化和物的人化两个关键环节,一方面,人不断地将意识赋予虚拟世界,通过这些人造物来实现自身的价值,另一方面,虚拟世界接受了人的意识并以自己的方式重新显示给人,使之获得多种感知信息,随之萌发出更强烈的参与感。人与虚拟世界在承认彼此主体性的前提下,相互促进、相互生成,由此印证了海德格尔“在世界之中存在”的著名论断。

道家思想对《乐记》审美范畴形成的影响

《乐记》的美学思想内容丰富、博大精深,在美学史和思想史上都具有较高的地位。它被定为儒家著作,但其中不乏道家美学思想。从美学范畴方面来论,道家思想的影响集中表现在《乐记》的"动静"说、"人化物"思想、"遗音遗味"这三个方面。

节目“产品”：双重价值取向及实现途径

广播电视媒介具有双重属性：社会的，经济的。其媒介的展现是以节目的形式出现，节目既显现着社会属性的公益性，也显现着经济属性的收益性，因此，节目的“产品”形态决定了它的双重价值取向和价值的双重实现途径。本文从媒介属性的分析中，阐释了“产品”的双重价值和实现双重价值的双重环节。

Artificial bioconversion of carbon dioxide

CO2 is not only the most important greenhouse gas but also an important resource of elemental carbon and oxygen.From the perspective of resource and energy strategy,the conversion of CO2 to chemicals driven by renewable energy is of significance,since it can not only reduce carbon emission by the utilization of CO2 as feedstock but also store low-grade renewable energy as high energy density chemical energy.Although studies on photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 using renewable energy are increasing,artificial bioconversion of CO2 as an important novel pathway to synthesize chemicals has attracted more and more attention.By simulating the natural photosynthesis process of plants and microorganisms,the artificial bioconversion of CO2 can efficiently synthesize chemicals via a designed and constructed artificial photosynthesis system.This review focuses on the recent advancements in artificial bioreduction of CO2,including the key techniques,and artificial biosynthesis of compounds with different carbon numbers.On the basis of the aforementioned discussions,we present the prospects for further development of artificial bioconversion of CO2 to chemicals.

物的人化与人的物化--当代舞台美术的表演

在当代演出艺术的舞台上,有一些大规模、大尺度的物体表演。这种表演的物体与历史上的壮观布景的差异在于:其要点不在于表现诸如山崩地裂或洪水泛滥的自然景观,而是在于对人类精神世界的揭示。物的人化、人的物化显示了当代物体表演的前景。自古以来,诗以物喻人,而当代舞台美术对于人的物化,却可以直接地用包裹、投影、雕凿、塑形、机械等傀儡化或物化手段把短暂的人与永恒的物直接融为诗化的整体,并为物体注入人的灵魂,从而使演出的精神世界得到最大限度的张扬。

Chemical constituents of marine medicinal mangrove plant Sonneratia caseolaris

Twenty-four compounds including eight steroids （1-8）, nine triterpenoids （9-16, 24）, three flavonoids （20-22）, and four benzenecarboxylic derivatives （17-19, 23） were isolated and identified from stems and twigs of medicinal mangrove plant Sonneratia caseolaris. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data. Among these rnetabolites, compounds 1, 4-20 and 22-24 were isolated and identified for the first time from S. caseolaris. In the in vitro cytotoxic assay against SMMC-7721 human hepatoma cells, compound 21 （3＇,4＇,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone） exhibited significant activity with IC50 2.8 μg/mL, while oleanolic acid （14）, 3,3＇-di-O-methyl ether ellagic acid （18）, and 3,3＇,4-O-tri-O-methyl ether ellagic acid （19） showed weak activity. None of these compounds displayed significant antibacterial activites.

Evaluation of a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test (dRIT) for Rapid Diagnosis of Rabies in Animals and Humans

Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay （dFA） which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user friendly tests, particularly for use in developing countries. We have established one such test called the direct rapid immunohistochemical test （dRIT） for diagnosis of rabies using brain tissue. The test is based on capture of rabies nucleoprotein （N） antigen in brain smears using a cocktail of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies specific for the N protein and color development by streptavidin peroxidase-amino ethyl carbazole and counter staining with haematoxollin. The test was done in parallel with standard FAT dFA using 400 brain samples from different animals and humans. The rabies virus N protein appears under fight microscope as reddish brown particles against a light blue background. There was 100 % correlation between the results obtained by the two tests. Also, interpretation of results by dRIT was easier and only required a light microscope. To conclude, this newly developed dRIT technique promises to be a simple, cost effective diagnostic tool for rabies and will have applicability in field conditions prevalent in developing countries.

Ratio of Fe-Al compound at interface of steel-backed Al-graphite semi-solid bonding plate

The ratio of Fe-Al compound at the bonding interface of solid steel plate to Al-7graphite slurry was used to characterize the interracial structure of steel-Al-7graphite semi-solid bonding plate quantitatively. The relationship between the ratio of Fe-Al compound at interface and bonding parameters （such as preheat temperature of steel plate, solid fraction of Al-7graphite slurry and rolling speed） was established by artificial neural networks perfectly. The results show that when the bonding parameters are 516 ℃ for preheat temperature of steel plate, 32.5% for solid fraction of Al-7graphite slurry and 12 mm/s for rolling speed, the reasonable ratio of Fe-Al compound corresponding to the largest interfacial shear strength of bonding plate is obtained to be 70.1%. This reasonable ratio of Fe-Al compound is a quantitative criterion of interracial embrittlement, namely, when the ratio of Fe-Al compound at interface is larger than 70.1%, interfacial embrittlement will occur.

Role of chemotherapy and novel biological agents in the treatment of elderly patients with colorectal cancer

Patients older than 65 years are the fastest growing segment of the cancer population. It is estimated that within 20 years over 75% of cases and 85% of deaths from colorectal cancer (CRC) will be in this setting. Concerns about cancer treatment in the elderly relate to comorbidities, which increase proportionally with age, physiological changes associated with aging which may influence drug metabolism and toxicity, and diminishing life expectancy, which particularly impacts decisions surrounding the benefits of adjuvant therapies. Over the last 10 years, significant improvements in the treatment of advanced CRC with combination therapy have been made. The randomized trials which have defined these improvements did not exclude elderly patients. However, the median age of patients in these trials has generally been approximately 60 years. Thus, it appears that some degree of selection is involved with younger and presumably fitter patients being the subjects in most of the pivotal trials. The availability of new molecularly targeted agents and newly improved existing agents has expanded the range of treatment options available. This variety gives greater flexibility in dealing with different subsets of patients, such as the elderly. However, some fit elderly patients seem to tolerate combination therapy reasonably well, while studies on unfit elderly subjects are needed.

Feasibility analysis of SO_2 absorption using a hydrophilic ceramic membrane contactor

Hydrophilic ceramic membranes would be potential candidates for membrane gas absorption if they could be applied to appropriate separation processes.This study highlights a novel concept for the practical implementation of SO_2 absorption in hydrophilic ceramic membrane that exhibits outstanding thermal and mechanical stabilities.With this aim,we investigated experimentally the performance of SO_2 absorption into aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution in a hydrophilic alumina (Al_2O_3) membrane contactor in terms of SO_2 removal efficiency and SO_2 mass transfer flux,and compared the performance with that in a hydrophobic one.A series of experiments were performed at various conditions over a NaOH concentration range of 0–1.0 mol·L^(-1),a liquid flow rate range of 30–180 ml·min^(-1),a gas flow rate range of 120–1000 ml·min^(-1),an inlet SO_2 concentration range of 400–2000μl·L^(-1),and a temperature range of 10–35°C.It was found that the hydrophilic membrane was more competitive when using a NaOH concentration higher than 0.2 mol·L^(-1).Furthermore,it can be inferred that the hydrophilicα-Al_2O_3 membrane exhibited exceptional long-term stability under 480 h continuous operation.

A Clinical Investigation on Garlicin Injectio for Treatment of Unstable Angina Pectoris and Its Actions on Plasma Endothelin and Blood Sugar Levels

To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of garlicin for treatment of unstable angina pectoris (UAP), garlicin injectio was intravenously dripped 60 mg/day in 34 cases for 10 days. Nitroglycerine was used in 21 cases of the control group. The results showed that the total effective rates in improving symptoms and electrocardiogram after garlicin treatment were respectively 82% and 62%, and that the plasma endothelin and blood sugar levels were markedly lowered in cases with hyperglycemia.

Alteration of certain soil microbiological and biochemical indices of a paddy soil under anthropogenic stress

A 21-day laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of pesticides (insecticide, herbicide, fungicide) on paddy field soil health under controlled moisture (flooded soil) and temperature (25 ℃) environment. The electron transport system (ETS)/Dehydrogenase activity showed negative correlation with pesticides concentrations, decreased with increase of pesticide concentration. The higher doses(5 to 10 times field rates) of pesticides significantly inhibited ETS activity, while lower rates failed to produce any significant reducing effect on the control. The toxicity of pesticides in decreasing the ETS activity was in the order: insecticide > fungicide > herbicide, irrespective of their rates of application. The pesticides increased the soil phenol content, which increased with increasing concentration of agrochemicals. The pesticide application did not produce any significant change in soil protein content. The response of biomass phospholipid content was nearly similar to that of ETS activity. The phospholipid content decreased with the addition of pesticides in the order insecticide > fungicide > herbicide and the toxicity was in the order: 10 FR (field rate) > 5 FR > 1.0 FR > 0.5 FR > control.

Effect of bis(tributyltin)oxide on reproduction and population growth rate of calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia

A full life-cycle toxicity test, combined with histology, on calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia was used to study the effect of bis（tributyltin） oxide （TBTO）. The results indicate no sex-specific differences in TBTO toxicity. Long-term mortalities of the copepods exposed to concentrations higher than 20 ng TBTO L＂1 were significantly elevated compared with that of control, and larval development was inhibited when they were exposed to 40 and 60 ng TBTO L-1. The percentages of ovigerous females were reduced compared with the control （P〈0.01） after 24 days exposure to concentrations higher than 10 ng TBTO L-1. Histological examinations suggest that exposure to TBTO might block the posterior end of the diverticula and inhibits the production of egg sacs. A modified Euler-Lotka equation was used to calculate a population-level endpoint, the intrinsic rate of natural increase （rm）, from individual life-table endpoints, i.e. mortality rate, time of release of first brood, sex ratio, the fraction of ovigerous females among all females as well as the number of nauplii per ovigerous female. Apart from the highest TBTO concentration （60 ng LI）, where all females aborted their egg sacs, 20 ng TBTO L-1 was the only concentration that significantly decreased rm compared with that of control （an effect associated with decreased sex ratio）. The results show that the S. poplesia is affected by prolonged exposure to low concentrations of TBTO. The full life-cycle toxicity test combined with histology experiments provides more integral understanding of the toxicity of endocrine disrupters.

Biology and Culture

Human beings do not live in nature, they live in culture. Contrary to biological evolution, which is based on genetic inheritance, cultural change is transmitted by instruction. Simple beginnings of culture have been observed in various animals. However, the much advanced human culture became possible by its transmission by language, and by its being cumulative. The concept of cultural change as a progressive process, popular by 18th and 19th centuries thinkers, is nowadays rejected, and the uniqueness of each culture stressed. Although, there are some similarities between biological evolution and cultural change, important differences between these processes are emphasized. The rapid rate of cultural change （especially its technological aspect）, as compared to the rate of biological evolution, is noted. In addition, some cultural changes led to new phenomena, which in a time of crisis can be annulled. The possible consequences of the different rate of these two processes for humans as individuals, and for their societies are discussed.

Soil Biological Changes for a Natural Forest and Two Plantations in Subtropical China

Conversion of natural forests into pure plantation forests is a common management practice in subtropical China.To evaluate the effects of forest conversion on soil fertility, microbe numbers and enzyme activities in topsoils (0-10 cm)were quantified in two 33-year-old monoculture plantations of Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata (CK) and Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb. (Chinese fir) (CF), and compared to a neighboring relict natural C. kawakamii forest (NF), in Sanming,Fujian. Five soil samples were collected once each in January, April, July, September and November in 2000 in each forest for laboratory analysis. Over the sampling year, there were significant differences for bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes between forests and between seasons (P ＜ 0.05). The largest bacteria and fungi populations were in NF, while CF contained the greatest number of actinomycetes. There were also significant differences (P ＜ 0.05) with microbial respiration for forests and seasons. Additionally, compared with NF, urease and acid phosphatase were significantly lower (P ＜ 0.05)in CK and CF. Also, the correlations of soil hydrolysable N and available P to soil microbial and enzymatic activities were highly significant (P ＜ 0.01). Thus, to alter the traditional Chinese fir monoculture so as to mimic the natural forest conditions, managing mixed stands of Chinese fir and broadleaf trees or conducting crop rotation of conifers and broadleaf trees as well as minimizing forest disturbances like clear-cutting, slash burning and soil preparing, could be utilized.

Physiological and Biochemical Response of Artificial Wetland Plant under Electric Field

By measuring wetland plants chlorophyll content,malondialdehyde(MDA) content and superoxide dismutase(SOD) enzyme activity,the changes of wetland plant physiological characeristics under different power strength were studied,and the mechanism of electric field on plant physiological characteristics was analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the pollutant removal ability strengthening of artificial wetland under electricfield.The results showed that compared with the control plants,low-intensity-voltage(1 V and 3 V) had no significant effect on the normal physiological and biochemical indexes of the plants,and the growth trend was better than the control group;with the voltage increasing,plant chlorophyll content,MDA content and SOD activity were greatly affected,indicating that plants were under strong oxidative stress,and the growth was damaged.Therefore,a suitable electric field could enhance the sewage treatment effect of constructed wetland.

Science and the practice of cardiovascular medicine in the geriatric population

1 Why is the demograpy important? In the half century 2000-2050,there will be a virtual tsunami of aging in the United States.The anticipated increase in the population older than age 65 is 140%,and for the population older than age 85,389%.More than half of the current U.S.population can anticipate living to age 80,with a contemporary life expectancy at age 75 of 11 years,and at age 85 of 6 years.

Research on the Humanization of the Animal Protagonist in The Call of the Wild

Jack London was one of the outstanding American writers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The Call of the Wild which was based on the Klondike Gold Rush, was the most famous and popular one in China. These years, lots of scholars have discussed it from various aspects, such as the contents, the themes, the writing styles and its characters. In this short novel, the protagonist Buck is humanized by the author. He is endowed with lots of human qualities, such as loyalty, brave, self-esteem, intelligence and so on. What are the reasons of humanization of the dog protagonist.？ Finding out the reasons could help us understand this novel better and it may offer some references for the research on Jack London＇ s animal novels.