浅析中国人口老龄化对养老保险和医疗保险的冲击及对策

中国已进入老龄化时期,老年人在人口中的负担系数日益提高,现行养老保险和医疗保险正面临“银色浪潮”的严峻挑战,文章浅析了老龄化对养老和医疗保险的冲击,并提出了相关的建议。

老龄化背景下我国女性老年人口问题的对策探讨

由于女性预期寿命普遍长于男性，致使女性老年人l口数量多于男性。同时，老年女性人口在经济、身心健康、家庭和社会地位等方面都处于明显的弱势，因此，笔者建议，国家应该高度重视老年女性的社会福利问题。主要措施有：改革现有的退休制度，加大社会保障财政支出，尽快实现对城乡老年人口养老保险的全覆盖。全面推广老年社区照顾服务．努力提高女性老年人口的家庭地位和社会地位等，构建一个人人共享的和谐社会。

湖南省农村养老现状、问题与对策——基于湖南省四市调查与研究

在人口老龄化问题日益凸显的背景下,本课题通过对湖南省四市农村居民养老意愿进行实地调查研究,分析湖南省农村养老现状与问题,并提出对策。

Atrial fibrillation： the current epidemic

Atrial fibrillation （AF） is the most common arrhythmia diagnosed in clinical practice. The consequences of AF have been clearly estab- lished in multiple large observational cohort studies and include increased stroke and systemic embolism rates if no oral anticoagulation is prescribed, with increased morbidity and mortality. With the worldwide aging of the population characterized by a large influx of ＂baby boomers＂ with or without risk factors for developing AF, an epidemic is forecasted within the next 10 to 20 years. Although not all studies support this evidence, it is clear that AF is on the rise and a significant amount of health resources are invested in detecting and managing AF This review focuses on the worldwide burden of AF and reviews global health strategies focused on improving detection, prevention and risk stratification of AF, recently recommended by the World Heart Federation.

Metabolic syndrome after liver transplantation: Preventable illness or common consequence?

The metabolic syndrome is common after liver transplant being present in approximately half of recipients. It has been associated with adverse outcomes such as progression of hepatitis C and major vascular events. As the United States population ages and the rate of obesity increases, prevention of the metabolic syndrome in the post-transplant population deserves special consideration. Currently, the metabolic syndrome after transplant appears at least two times more common than observed rates in the general population. Specific guidelines for patients after transplant does not exist, therefore prevention rests upon knowledge of risk factors and the presence of modifiable elements. The current article will focus on risk factors for the development of the metabolic syndrome after transplant, will highlight potentially modifiable factors and propose potential areas for intervention. As in the non-transplant population, behavioral choices might have a major role. Opportunities exist in this regard for health prevention studies incorporating lifestyle changes. Other factors such as the need for immunosuppression, and the changing characteristics of wait listed patients are not modifiable, but are important to know in order to identify persons at higher risk. Although immunosuppression after transplant is unavoidable, the contribution of different agents to the development of components of the metabolic syndrome is also discussed. Ultimately, an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome after transplant is likely unavoidable, however, there are many opportunities to reduce the prevalence.

Atrial fibrillation in the elderly

Atrial fibrillation （AF） is the most frequent arrhythmia. Due to population aging, AF is a growing epidemic and its importance will continue to increase in the next decades. Although the prevalence of AF is high in advanced age, the number of subjects with predisposing factors for AF is even higher. Most of these factors increase the risk of atrial fibro- sis, an important component of atrial arrhythmia mecha- nisms. In fact, the new techniques to detect atrial fibrosis are showing the strong association between atrial fibrosis and AF risk. Regarding predisposing factors for AF, interatrial block （LAB） seems to be a key factor.

The Status Quo of and Development Strategies for Healthcare Towns Against the Background of Aging Population

In consideration of elderly peopled need for healthcare in the context of aging population, authois of this paper stxidied tiie combination 〇 ￡ characteristic towns and the healthcare industry against the background, of a vigorous campaign for chafacteristic town construction. In addition to studying thevalue and status quo of healthcare towns, they put forward development strategies for healthcare towns in terms of the health industry, health preservation, eldercare, and vacationing, with a view to injecting new vitality into the construction of healthcare towns.

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL CHANGES AND TRENDS OF AGEING IN CHINA

This study focuses on the development stages of ageing and its regional differences in China based on examination of official statistics and documents. The development of ageing in China has experienced three major stages. Firstly, in the 1950s, low coefficient of elderly population (over 65 years) paced up to primary adult type. Secondly, there was a deeply drop of the elderly population because of natural disaster and political factors in the 1960s. Thirdly, from the 1970s to the end of 20th century, the constant increasing of elderly coefficient made China close to elderly society. With statistic data of population, Logistic model is used to simulate the future development of ageing, and two characteristics of development of ageing are presented. Firstly, as for ageing from 2005 to 2050, the elderly coefficient will grow up significantly from 8.48% to 16.30%. Secondly, after 2025, the increasing rate of elderly coefficient will slow down gradually. The regional differences of elderly population in China can be summarized as follows: 1) the eastern China possesses higher elderly coefficient and huger elder population than the western China; 2) about 47.4% of municipalities and provinces in the eastern China become elderly especially Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province, Beijing, Tianjin and Shandong Province; 3) ageing intensity is higher in rural area than urban area but getting close each other, and there are more elderly people in rural area than in urban area. Therefore, these will arose aged care problems, and it becomes important issue to establish the social security system in rural areas as soon as possible for elderly people.

Heart failure in the elderly

The aging of the population is, currently, a major phenomenon, drawing the attention of a number of investigators. The significant increase of life expectancies over the past few decades, in addition to social and economic consequences, has lead to a major change in the morbidity and mortality profile of elders. Heart failure （HF） is a condition in which the heart can not pump enough blood to meet the body＇s needs. HF is predominantly a disorder of the elderly with rates increasing exponentially. The prevalence of HF approximately doubles with each decade of life. As people live longer, the occurrence of HF rises, as well as other conditions that complicate its treatment. Impaired heart function implies a reduced duration of survival. Fortunately, many factors that can prevent HF and improve outcome are known and can be applied at any stage. This review emphasizes the importance of factors inherent in aging itself, focusing on heart disease, particularly as a disease of aging, can help critically refine management of this acute and chronic disease, as well as foster preventive strategies to reduce the incidence of this common malady.

Differences in Browning Index and CIELAB Coordinates of the Two Grape Drying Processes, Traditional Sun-Drying and Chamber-Drying and during the Ageing of Pedro Ximenez Sweet Wine

The color parameters during the Pedro Ximenez grape raisining, as well as the sweet wine aging process from the Montilla-Moriles grapes （Andalusia, Southern Spain）, have been studied. Drying process of grapes was carried out by means of the traditional sun-drying method and an alternative chamber-drying method under 50℃. Chamber-drying allows shorter drying time and select grapes at a higher ripening degree. During raisining grape musts decreased in hab （hue angle） and increased in Cab （chroma）. In comparative terms, the final values of hue were virtually identical in both types of drying, although differences were found in the final values of chromaticity, being lower in the chamber-drying method. Changes in the color parameters during aging were compared in commercial wines with different aging systems and without aging. Likewise, as a reference of traditional wine aging system, the color changes in wines with four aging degrees were also studied. Regarding to the commercial wines studied, it can be pointed out the wine aged without blends for 4 years significantly differed in the values of hab and C＊ab of the remaining wines, which show more similar values among them and in the data obtained for the wines aged by the traditional aging system.

The Asymmetric Response of Older Male Labour Force Participation Rates to Pension Reform and Labour Market Variables

Increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers is a fundamental component of most OECD （Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development） countries＇ response to the fiscal pressures associated with ageing populations. Both pension reform and employment policies are key elements to achieving such increases in participation and reversing the early retirement trends of recent decades. Econometric modeling results from a panel of 12 OECD countries indicate that labour market variables have a greater influence than social security pension value or the standard age of retirement on the labour force participation rates of males aged 55-64 years. Further results from modeling the potential asymmetric response of participation rates to unemployment rates indicate that a decrease in unemployment rates has a greater impact upon increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers compared to the effect of an increase on unemployment rates has on discouraging participation. We found mixed results for the asymmetric response of participation to an increase or decrease in pension value. Findings thus emphasize the importance of labour market oriented policies to reduce unemployment rates in the developed economies in coming years to address ageing population concerns.

Personal Space of Small Mobile Robot Moving towards Standing or Sitting Elderly Individuals

Recently, Japan has experienced a low birthrate and an aging population. The development of communication robots, such as cleaning and a care-giver robot, has been progressing. Care-giver robots provide daily assistance, including contacting emergency services. This study is part of the ＂study on planning techniques of living space in harmony with robots＂, and focused on the elderly. Minimum distance was the subjects felt ＂I do not want any more approached＂. Subjects were 21 elderly persons （eight males and thirteen females）, aged 66-86 years. The experimental room was an assembly room in a public accommodation （14 m× 6.5 m）. The small mobile robot used in this experiment was external form dimensions of 120 mm （W）× 130 mm （D）× 70 mm （H）, In this experiment, considering the personal space as the small mobile robot is watching robot without support function for person. The robot moved toward standing or sitting subjects at constant velocities from a distance 5 m apart. Research factors are 5 angles （0°, 45°, 90°, 135° and 180°） and 2 speeds （0.08 m/s and 0.24 m/s）.

Geriatric oncology: problems with under-treatment within this population

We are currently faced with an aging population, which is rapidly growing worldwide. Two thirds of cancer occurs in the over 65-year age group. Societal conceptions from the past have created ageist stereotypes; old age is associated with frailty and the elderly are perceived to be destined for deterioration and loss of independence. Cancer within the elderly is also subject to these stereotypes, with elderly cancer patients considered by some not as likely to recover as younger patients with cancer. We summarise and review the current concerns regarding elderly management and treatments utilised for the management of oncological disease in the elderly, and discuss the impact of under-treatment within this population.

Science and the practice of cardiovascular medicine in the geriatric population

1 Why is the demograpy important? In the half century 2000-2050,there will be a virtual tsunami of aging in the United States.The anticipated increase in the population older than age 65 is 140%,and for the population older than age 85,389%.More than half of the current U.S.population can anticipate living to age 80,with a contemporary life expectancy at age 75 of 11 years,and at age 85 of 6 years.

Comparative Study on Population Ageing Between China and Other Asian Countries

Compared with developed countries, the main characteristics of population ageing in China have been regarded as a rapid ageing society. However, China and other Asian countries have been experiencing the demographic transition simultaneously, it is better to understand the characteristics of population ageing in China when compared with other Asian countries. Using the latest UN data, this paper compares the percentage of elderly population, the speed of ageing and the size of aged population among China and other Asian countries. The result indicates that China has a relatively high percentage of aged population, relatively rapid ageing population and will keep the largest size of aged population of the world in the next 60 years.

The research of the community-home elderly long-term care service system

With the rapid development of the aging of the population, the demand of long-term care services in the elderly is growing. Because of family miniaturization, core, and currently limited social accumulation are difficult to meet the demand of the elderly in long-term care.Community provides the elderly long-term care services, and provides the elderly all kinds of household helping services. They just make up for the inadequacy of the family and society.And how to make the community elderly long-term care services become more suitable for the needs of the elderly at home, provide better service for the elderly, are our current problems to be solved.

Building Long-Term Care Insurance System in China

The objective is to explore the foundation of the elderly long-term care insurance system in China, which is to face the problem resulted from aging of the population. Adopting the contrastive analysis to introduce briefly the long-term care insurance system in German, Japan and America for our learning. Therefore, China＇s long-term care insurance system could not totally indiscriminately imitate the mandatory long-term care insurance system in German and Japan, it also could not copy the business model of nursing insurance system in America. The conclusion is that long-term care insurance system in China should use the experience of developed countries based on the basic national conditions, doing some relative works, such as establishing policies and regulations, strengthening personnel training, and improving the market specification.

Population Ageing,Financial Leverage and Systemic Risk

Population ageing and high financial leverage are two common problems .faced by the worM＇s major economies. The recent financial crisis proved that the two issues could lead to systemic risk if not handled properly. Based on dynamic panel data from 1980 to 2012 in 119 countries, this paper examines the impact of population ageing on financial leverage J？om an empirical point of view and finds that there is a signOqcant inverted U-shape relationship between the two. In addition, empirical studies show that after passing the ＂turning point＂ of ageing, there will be a marked increase in the probability of financial crisis during the ＂deleveraging＂ process. It can be projected from the empirical conclusions of this paper that China will likely enter the range of a turning point between 2019 and 2028. After that, population ageing, deleveraging and asset price collapse may have a ＂resonance＂ effect to severely impact the stability of the financial system. Therefore, China should shift to more proactive macro financial regulations as quickly as possible, as dynamic and robust management of financial leverage and forward-looking control of bubbles could ensure that the financial system remain flexible enough to avoid systemic risk to the greatest extent.

An Analysis on the Spatial Distribution of Population Aging Pressure in China

Based on comprehensive analysis of the impact of population aging to social and economic development,a comprehensive evaluation system including 18 indexes was constructed for evaluating regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development.Using statistics data of 31 regions in China from 2004 to 2008,the pressure of population aging on social and economic development,was comprehensively evaluated by using the factor analysis method.The spatial distribution of population aging in China was also analyzed.This study is to provide scientific basis for government to make strategies of coping with population aging according to regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development in China.

Monitoring Biosignals with Low Cost Wearable Sensors

With the increase of aging population, we have been witnessing a decline in the quality of life influenced by numerous social, cultural and economic factors. Several studies have addressed these facts and some emerging technologies are capable of monitoring and anticipating these problems. With the advance in the development of smart textiles, it＇s possible to use these technologies in the acquisition of biosignals, which allows obtaining a better comfort regarding the use of smart clothes over traditional Ag/AgCI electrodes. In this way, it is possible to monitor for longer periods reducing the discomfort to the user. This paper reports the development of a low cost sensor with the capability of monitoring the electrical activity of the heart, measuring the heart rate and body temperature and is applied in the scenario： health ＆ wellbeing, targeting the continuous measurement of vital signs.