北京话“人家”省略为“人”的现象考察

本文在考察书面文献和抽样调查结果的基础上指出,当代北京话存在"人家"省略为"人"的现象,虽然不是所有北京人的口语中都有这种省略,但这一现象在相当大的范围内存在。"人家"用于泛指、他指和自指时都可以省略为"人"。这一省略现象可以出现在主语、宾语和定语的位置上,其中在名词性成分前(不带"的"字)直接出现的"人家"省作"人"最自然,而"人家"做定语带"的"字时,若省略"家",句子接受度较低。出现在句末的"人家"不能省作"人"。

从视角转换看“人家”的语义

文章主要讨论人称代词“人家”的语义,认为“人家”既可用作第三人称代词,相当于“他”或“他们”,这是其基本语义;也可以用作第二人称代词,指“你”,即具体语境下指称受话人,这是“人家”的临时语义;还可以用作第一人称代词,指“我”。运用视角转换的理论,解释了“人家”多重语义产生的原因。

性度对“人家”自称用法的影响

学界对人称代词"人家"的自称用法有四种看法。但从"人家"与说话人的关系看,"人家"的自称用法与说话人的性别没有必然联系,主要由说话人的性度所决定,"人家"是一个女性度较高的人称代词,被女性常用但不为女性所专用,在非正式交际语境中女性度较高的男性也可以使用。

人称代词“人家”的劝解场景与移情功能——基于三部电视剧台词的话语分析

本文以三部电视剧台词为语料基础,从会话场景分析出发,得到如下基本认识:人称代词"人家"是在"劝解"场景中,基于言者和听者的人物关系格局而由言者使用的一种具有移情功能的话语手段。在"劝解"场景中,言者使用"人家"是为了凸显其所指对象具有的某种角色特征,并要求听者与自己一起对该对象进行移情,从而实现对听者进行"劝解"的交际意图。"人家"移情功能的实现,是"劝解"场景内在机制的要求,也是其成为"万能代词"的基本动因。

人际功能与“人家”所指的扩张

本文运用系统功能语言学的理论,从人际功能的角度分析了“人家”从第三人称代词扩张到可以指“我”和“你”的根本动因:用“人家”指“我”时蕴含着权势关系和婉转功能;指“你”时体现出客观、疏远态度和礼貌功能。分析过程对在对外汉语教学中如何使留学生掌握“人家”的扩张用法也有一定的启发和帮助。

权力、权利与“人家”——兼谈社会性直指的句法语义表征

前人研究注意到“人家”在人称、情感、关系表达等方面的丰富性,本文在此基础上力求统一阐释其使用条件,并主张,“人家”的使用与社会性直指(social deixis)框架下的权力指数(power index)和权利指数(right index)相关;在两个指数上,“人家”指称的一方(P_(人家))必须拥有相对于参照方(P_(参照))的优势。当P_(人家)被赋予[[+权力]&[+权利]]、[[+权力]>[-/0权利]]或[[+权利]>[-权力]]等特征时,可享“人家”指称,分别称为附势型、服软型和硬刚型。不同赋权类型在句法、语义、语用、情境诸多层面都有表征和限制。本文指出,用于言者自指的“人家”在本质上属于硬刚型,是一种非严肃的言语行为,所谓“娇嗔、责怪、委婉”等色彩均可由此获得解释。

Study on Key Technique of Artificial Insemination for Silkworm,Bombyx mori

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the efficient technique of artificial insemination for silkworm. [Method] Sperms were extracted from bursa copulatrix of female moths mated for 30 min through extruding and centrifugal method, and then the semen was injected into other virgin moths with trypsinase. [ Result] A high-effective collection technology of spermatids from silkworm was established successfully, 50 μl semen could be collected by only one person in each hour. The survival rate of spermatids was over 80% in vito after collected from bursa copulatrix, while the obtained semen was quite pure and the average fertilization rate of silkworm was 76,5%. [ Conclusion] The establishment of high-effective semen extraction technique of silkworm provides the technical basis for studies on other related techniques for silkworm sperm.

Blood is not always thicker than water:The limited effect of kin selection on human kinship in the traditional Chinese family

To examine the importance of kin selection in shaping human societies, this study analyzed the kinship system practiced in traditional China for two millennia and teased apart its underlying genetic and other, presumably cultural, components. The results demonstrate that, in the traditional patrilineal Chinese family, both genetic relatedness and the cultural factor of generation were important in determining kinship status for male agnates （genetically related relatives）. For female agnates, however, only genetic relatedness was important. Another surprising finding was that the influence of gender was not as important as genetic relatedness. The most interesting finding in this study, however, was that kin selection and culture （i.e., seniority in generation and age） played vastly different roles in different lineages in the Chinese family： for collateral （indirect） agnates, genetic relatedness was the most important factor in determining their kinship status, but for lineal （direct） agnates, its importance was overridden by seniority in generation and age, a cultural factor. Several other bio-cultural factors also explained a considerable amount of variance in kinship status. Since kinship profoundly affected, and was often the foundation of, the legal and social systems in dynastic China, kin selection, while its strength may differ remarkably between lineal and collateral relatives, could act as a selective force in Chinese families

REALIZATION OF OBJECT-ORIENTED RULE-TYPE EXPERT SYSTEM TEMPLATE

Expert systems (ESs) are being increasingly applied to the fault diagnosis of engines. Based on the idea of ES template (EST), an object-oriented rule-type EST is emphatically studied on such aspects as the object-oriented knowledge representation, the heuristic inference engine with an improved depth-first search (DFS) and the graphical user interface. A diagnositic ES instance for debris on magnetic chip detectors (MCDs) is then created with the EST. The spot running shows that the rule-type EST enhances the abilities of knowledge representation and heuristic inference, and breaks a new way for the rapid construction and implementation of ES.

基于AUV垂直面运动控制的状态增减多模型切换

自主水下机器人(autonomous underwater vehicle,AUV)系统垂直面运动具有强耦合性、非线性等特点导致AUV系统垂直面难以精确控制,且其纵倾角需控制在某一阈值内,以保证系统安全。根据以上控制要求与AUV垂直面运动模型特点,提出将其解耦为深度控制子模型与纵倾角控制子模型,构建AUV系统垂直面运动控制模型集,根据模型集所含两子模型特点,提出了状态变量增减的多模型切换的概念。基于切换系统稳定判据——共同Lyapunov函数法,提出了变加权多模型切换策略,实现了切换过程的稳定性,避免了切换过程的抖动问题。多次湖泊试验证明,加权多模型切换策略避免了由于期望深度变化而造成的执行机构饱和、深度和纵倾角超调量过大等问题,且改善了AUV系统深度运动的静动态控制品质。

Rural-urban Migration, Rural Household Income and Local Geographical Contexts——A Case of Northwestern Guangxi, China

This paper aims to examine New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the northwestern Guangxi, China and investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and local geographical contexts. Stratified sampling and typical case study were adopted and 236 questionnaires were collected from four vil- lages, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongchang. We analyzed the rural-urban migration rate, household income and local geographical factors, focusing on the ratio of remittance income to total household income. Data descriptions and sta- tistical methods, such as Pearson Chi-square test, Contingency coefficient, Eta, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, multiple comparisons (LSD test, Tamhane T2, Dunnett T3 and Dunnet C test) were used. The results are as follows. Rural households’ income is diversified in survey villages so the motivation of rural-urban migration in the study area can be partly explained by NELM. The migration rate of households (the percentage of households with migrants in survey households) in survey villages varies from 50% to 86%, while the proportion of remittance income to house- hold income is in the range of 30% to 80%. In the village of Yongchang, with the least average arable land area per household, the remittance income plays a vital role in household income (80%). And the statistical findings show that the proportion is significantly and negatively correlated with arable land area per household. The conclusion is that di- rect effect of migration, i.e., the contribution of remittance to household income, is negatively correlated with the con- tribution of resources to local income.

Population and Environment:Necessary Transition Initiatives for Developing Countries

Now environment is an important topic in academic field.Many researches focus on the negative outcomes of nature which are being continually created by human and much attention has been paid to how the environment is protected through integrated research,movement and policy.But few studies are concentrated on population and environment and are to find out the interconnectivity and underlying mechanism that have an effect on people's preferring additional children and perception to environment.Many researchers claim that population growth is a great problem for environment but they do not provide the indepth integrated knowledge and mechanism that influence fertility trend and environmental problems.It is very crucial to develop practical and concrete initiatives to confirm a transition to reduce population growth and redirect the perception on population and environment.

Cognitive Emotion Model for Eldercare Robot in Smart Home

Based on the smart home and facial expression recognition, this paper presents a cognitive emotional model for eldercare robot. By combining with Gabor filter, Local Binary Pattern algorithm(LBP) and k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm(KNN) are facial emotional features extracted and recognized. Meanwhile, facial emotional features put influence on robot's emotion state, which is described in AVS emotion space. Then the optimization of smart home environment on the cognitive emotional model is specially analyzed using simulated annealing algorithm(SA). Finally, transition probability from any emotional state to a state of basic emotions is obtained based on the cognitive reappraisal strategy and Euclidean distance. The simulation and experiment have tested and verified the effective in reducing negative emotional state.

Immune evolutionary algorithms with domain knowledge for simultaneous localization and mapping

Immune evolutionary algorithms with domain knowledge were presented to solve the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping for a mobile robot in unknown environments. Two operators with domain knowledge were designed in algorithms, where the feature of parallel line segments without the problem of data association was used to construct a vaccination operator, and the characters of convex vertices in polygonal obstacle were extended to develop a pulling operator of key point grid. The experimental results of a real mobile robot show that the computational expensiveness of algorithms designed is less than other evolutionary algorithms for simultaneous localization and mapping and the maps obtained are very accurate. Because immune evolutionary algorithms with domain knowledge have some advantages, the convergence rate of designed algorithms is about 44% higher than those of other algorithms.

Natriuretic peptide family as diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and treatment modality in management of adult and geriatric patients with heart failure： remaining issues and challenges

B-type natriuretic peptide （BNP） and N-terminal proBNP （NT-proBNP）, the key members of natriuretic peptide family have been rec- ommended as the gold standard biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure （HF） according to the current clinical guidelines. However, recent studies have revealed many previously unrecognized features about the natriuretic peptide family, including more accurate utilization of BNP and NT-proBNP in diagnosing HF. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind natriuretic peptide release, breakdown, and clearance are very complex and the diverse nature of circulating natriuretic peptides and fragments makes analytical detection particu- larly challenging. In addition, a new class of drug therapy, which works via natriuretic peptide family, has also been considered promising for cardiology application. Under this context, our present mini-review aims at providing a critical analysis on these new progresses on BNP and NT-proBNP with a special emphasis on their use in geriatric cardiology settings. We have focused on several remaining issues and chal- lenges regarding the clinical utilization of BNP and NT-proBNP, which include： （1） Different prevalence and diagnostic/prognostic values of BNP isoforms; （2） methodological issues on detection of BNP; （3） glycosylation of proBNP and its effect on biomarker testing; （4） specificity and comparability of BNP/NT-proBNP resulted from different testing platforms; （5） new development of natriuretic peptides as HF treatment modality; （6） BNP paradox in HF; and （7） special considerations of using BNP/NT-proBNP in elderly HF patients. These practical discussions on BNP/NT-proBNP may be instrumental for the healthcare providers in critically interpreting laboratory results and effective management of the HF patients.

Forecasting Orders with ARMA in Household Electric Appliance Enterprises Based on Mobile Agent

Forecasting orders accurately plays a crucial role for household electric appliance (HEA) enterprises keeping low inventory level. In order to reduce the influence of bullwhip effect, sales data are applied to forecast orders of the next period instead of ordering data. Mobile agent is applied to achieve the sales data from retailers in the data preparation. And the converting approach from sales data of retailers to prediction data is proposed. Autoregressive and moving average (ARMA) model is introduced to forecast orders and a comparison amongst final prediction error (FPE), Akaike information criterion(AIC), Bayes information criterion(BIC) and Akaike's corrected information criterion(AICC) criterion is shown. The sample test verifies the superiority of AICC; therefore it is applied to identify ARMA order. Forecasting architecture is established and then the prototype system is tested, at last a case shows the orders prediction of the next quarter and verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Comparative Study on Population Ageing Between China and Other Asian Countries

Compared with developed countries, the main characteristics of population ageing in China have been regarded as a rapid ageing society. However, China and other Asian countries have been experiencing the demographic transition simultaneously, it is better to understand the characteristics of population ageing in China when compared with other Asian countries. Using the latest UN data, this paper compares the percentage of elderly population, the speed of ageing and the size of aged population among China and other Asian countries. The result indicates that China has a relatively high percentage of aged population, relatively rapid ageing population and will keep the largest size of aged population of the world in the next 60 years.

Women＇s Role in Family Business： Evolution and Evidences from a European Case Study

When we look at the possibility of women occupying top management positions, gender stereotypes are still quite strong. Especially in the past, women＇s professional capabilities and competencies were mostly ignored, both in family firms, and in non-family business. Many wives and daughters, and women in general, had played several roles in firms, but often they were invisible, with no consideration and no monetary gain. Women commonly were not respected and they had no chance to show their capabilities （Dumas, 1998）. Even though women CEOs and founders are an emerging phenomenon, nowadays, still many obstacles, stereotypes and mistrust are preventing women from reaching important positions also in family owned business. In today＇s world of family ambition and increasing gender neutrality, women＇s roles encompass higher achievement in organizational hierarchies. Particularly in the last decades, great advancement in the involvement of women in entrepreneurial and managerial roles, especially in family owned businesses, has been achieved, and the situation is changing fast. More and more, wives and daughters are rising to the leadership of family-firms - even in some of the most male-dominated industries （Nelton, 1999）. According to some authors, today women have gone from ＂invisible to invincible＂ （Nelton, 1999）. This paper pursues two main aims： （1） to show the evolution of the women＇s role in family business and to better understand the obstacles/drivers and possible solutions; and （2） to understand the impact of women on family firms considering several aspects such as their leadership styles, and impact on firm＇s strategy, organization, managerialization and performance. In order to summarize the main obstacles and positive aspects concerning the women＇s involvement in family business, we have applied the framework proposed by Martinez Jimenez （2009）. This framework has been used because it helps to better understand which are the obstacles and drivers that impact on the women＇s involvement in family business. The research method is based on the longitudinal analysis of a case study concerning a medium sized family firm operating in the service sector in Europe. The analysis of the case study has confirmed most of the obstacles/weakness and positive aspects/strengths highlighted by the literature. In the period of analysis, an evolution of the role of women among family generations had emerged, as well a less relevant role of obstacles with respect to strengths can be identified.

The Relationship Between Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in Four Asian Countries

In this study, we use the ARDL bounds testing procedure suggested by Pesaran （2001） and modified version of the Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto （1995） to test the robustness of the causality effect between military expenditure and economic growth in 4 Asian countries, two industrial countries （South Korea and Malaysia）, and others are developing countries （Iran and Saudi Arabia）, from 1988 to 2006 years, data series obtained from word development indicator （WDI）. With respect to that military expenditure can affect economic growth so increase in GDP can increase or decrease military expenditure, too. We investigate the causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth because the purpose of military expenditures is to provide national security. The results show that Iran and Saudi Arabia don＇t have any causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth. The results of South Korea show a unidirectional relationship from LGDP （Logarithm of real GDP） and LGDPK （logarithm of real GDP per capita） to military expenditure, and in Malaysia there is unidirectional relationship from LGDPK to military expenditure. The comparison of these results, we can say that developing countries don＇t have meaningful relationship between military expenditure and economic growth, but we can find unidirectional or bidirectional relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in industrial countries.

Expert recommendation system based on analyzing expertise and networks of human resources in National Science & Technology Information Service

This work aims to implement expert and collaborative group recommendation services through an analysis of expertise and network relations NTIS. First of all, expertise database has been constructed by extracting keywords after indexing national R＆D information in Korea （human resources, project and outcome） and applying expertise calculation algorithm. In consideration of the characteristics of national R＆D information, weight values have been selected. Then, expertise points were calculated by applying weighted values. In addition, joint research and collaborative relations were implemented in a knowledge map format through network analysis using national R＆D information.