城市轨道交通行车调度人机风险分析

随着我国经济发展水平的提高和城市建设步伐的加快,城市轨道交通这一现代社会城市人群出行方式正以一种前所未有的高速度在全国范围内推广,并逐渐成为城市人口工作、生活中不可或缺的一个重要组成部分。城市轨道交通系统运行是否安全可靠,直接影响着城市人民的生活质量乃至人身安全。文章围绕城市轨道交通行车调度中人员因素和系统设备因素对行车调度安全的影响进行讨论,阐述了城市轨道交通行车调度的人机特性,分析了人为因素对城市轨道交通行车调度安全的影响,最后提出了针对性的预防改进措施。

新工科背景下无人机运行风险评估技术课程教学研究

无人机运行风险评估技术是无人驾驶航空器系统工程专业的主干专业课,其涉及多学科知识且具有较强的实践性特点。在新工科人才培养理念引领下,该文分析课程中存在的问题,从“理论与实践相结合、继承与创新相结合、课内与课外相结合”的三个结合维度设计教学内容;授课中引入LBD(做中学)与PBL(基于问题的学习)教学方法,提出“理论讲授—案例讨论—专题模拟—融会贯通”探究式教学模式,为探索新工科无人驾驶航空器系统工程本科专业人才培养方式提供借鉴。

基于风险管控的城市空中交通无人机路径规划

为保证电动垂直起降无人机在城市空中交通中的飞行安全,提出了一种考虑安全裕度的城市环境模型建立方法,在此基础上设计了融合人员密度因素的垂直起降无人机路径规划环境,并提出了量化无人机航迹对地面人员风险的路径风险评估模型。采用A*算法对无人机在普通城市环境模型中和融合地面人员密度因素的城市环境模型中的路径进行求解。仿真结果表明,融合地面人员密度因素的城市环境模型下的路径规划可以使垂直起降无人机有效规避人员密度相对较高的区域,降低无人机对地面人员伤害的风险。

论智能辅助场景下交通事故的刑事责任

智能辅助驾驶催生了技术缺陷和人机交互错误这两种可能导致交通事故的新风险。由于智能系统技术缺陷风险现实化,人工智能服务提供者、汽车制造者可能要承担过失致人重伤罪或过失致人死亡罪等刑事责任,但不构成交通肇事罪。在认定过失时,应以“事后”的视角来判断技术缺陷的风险与原因,以“事前”的视角根据现有的技术水平并结合容许风险的法理判断技术缺陷及交通事故的预见可能性。由于人机交互错误风险现实化,驾驶人可能要承担交通肇事罪的刑事责任。在认定过失时,应合理适用信赖原则来界定注意义务的范围,结合过失不作为犯罪的基本原理认定驾驶人是否违反了接管义务。在人工智能服务提供者、汽车制造者和驾驶人共同过失的场合,应参照交通肇事罪的罪量要素,限缩人工智能服务提供者、汽车生产者构成过失犯罪的范围。

多因素影响下的四旋翼无人机安全间隔模型

随着自动化技术和电力推进技术的迅猛发展,无人机在低空空域进行高规模运行成为可能。由于低空环境及四旋翼无人机机动的特殊性,低空交通管理技术亟需有效的风险管控。从风、降雨及定位误差三个因素角度出发,提出了一种基于PID控制的多因素条件下四旋翼无人机飞行碰撞。建立基于GPS位置误差的四旋翼无人机位置偏移概率模型,通过给定的等效安全水平解出GPS误差影响下的飞行器安全间隔。引入平均风速梯度分别对风雨作用建模,得到相应的等效力模型。通过分析四旋翼无人机动力学模型,选择基于PID控制原理的四旋翼无人机进行飞行仿真模拟。将气象扰动量化结果输入基于PID控制器的四旋翼无人机动态飞行仿真系统,计算相应的位置偏移,得出风雨作用下的四旋翼无人机飞行碰撞风险。采用X型四旋翼无人机进行模拟实验,验证了修正碰撞风险模型的有效性和必要性。

Risk Assessment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Based on Kmeans Clustering Algorithm

To quantify unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)flight risks in low-altitude airspace,we analyze the factors of UAV flight risks from three aspects:flight conflict,flight environment,and traffic characteristics.The aerial risk index and ground risk index of the UAV are constructed,the index screening model and the UAV flight risk assessment model are established,and a UAV flight risk assessment model based on K-means clustering has been proposed.Meanwhile,numerical simulations show the proposed method can not only evaluate the UAV flight risks effectively,but also provide technical support for UAV risk management and control.

An Air Route Planning Model of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Under Constraints of Ground Safety

With the rapid growth of the number and flight time of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),safety accidents caused by UAVs flight risk is increasing gradually.Safe air route planning is an effective means to reduce the operational risk of UAVs at the strategic level.The optimal air route planning model based on ground risk assessment is presented by considering the safety cost of UAV air route.Through the rasterization of the ground surface under the air route,the safety factor of each grid is defined with the probability of fatality on the ground per flight hour as the quantitative index.The air route safety cost function is constructed based on the safety factor of each grid.Then,the total cost function considering both air route safety and flight distance is established.The expected function of the ant colony algorithm is rebuilt and used as the algorithm to plan the air routes.The effectiveness of the new air route planning model is verified through the logistical distribution scenario on urban airspace.The results indicate that the new air route planning model considering safety factor can greatly improve the overall safety of air route under small increase of the total flight time.

The Pay-as-You-Go System of Pension Insurance

The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that guarantees its stability. Private pension insurance provides personal retirement accounts and proper ownership of the accumulated funds, but its sustainability during prolonged market crises and inadequate risk sharing are often questioned. In order to address this issue, this paper makes both an assessment and analysis of the arguments put forward in favor of the preservation of the pay-as-you-go system and a comparison of this system with some of the main characteristics of the private accounts system. This is the basis for seeking the objectively defined role of the pay-as-you-go system in the conditions of the market economy. A couple of conclusions that have been formulated might be of interest for the future improvement of the organization and management of pension insurance.

Research Progress on Ecological Risk Assessment based on M ultifunctional Landscape

The unreasonable utilization and trade-offs of the multifunctional landscape is one of the important causes leading to ecological risk.Quantifying the relationship,heterogeneous process and driving mechanism between landscape function and human well-being can provide a scientific basis for achieving a win-win situation of regional development and ecological protection,and it is also an important issue for relevant scientific research.In this paper,we reviewed the current state of knowledge regarding landscape function and ecological risk,identified the feedback mechanisms among landscape change,landscape function,human well-being and ecological risk,constructed the ecological risk assessment framework based on landscape functions,and sorted out the key scientific issues and research trends.The interconnections between the multifunctional landscape,human well-being,and ecological risk comprise an important scientific issue in ecological risk assessment.However,there is a lack of understanding of the spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape function trade-offs,and there is also a lack of systematic and standardized methods for the identification and comprehensive evaluation of landscape functions.Exploring ecological risk management and the methodologies that integrate the two processes of nature and humanity is an inevitable trend for future research.Coupling landscape structure,function and process into ecological risk assessment,as well as focusing on the combination of human well-being,landscape function trade-off and ecological risk control policy design are important issues to be studied.