以“人生导师”活动为载体促进基层组织工作创新

学校基层党组织工作创新开展必须始终坚持以人为本,与全员育人相结合。开展"人生导师"活动是全员育人教育的新模式,为学校基层党组织创先争优提供了有效的途径。本文提出以"人生导师"活动为载体创新开展学校基层党组织工作,在实际工作经验的基础上提供一些参考方法,以保障活动开展的实效。

《直面人生挫折与挑战》主题活动课教学设计

依据中职德育课程改革“在活动中体验，在体验中感悟，在感悟中成长”的新理念和建构主义学习理论，针对哲学与人生课程第五课“发展变化与顺境逆境”的教学内容，设计了《直面人生挫折与挑战》的主题活动课，让学生通过“自主、合作、探究”的学习方式，促进自身挫折认知的内化和坚强意志的形成。

Changes in functions,forms,and locations of lead during its anthropogenic flows to provide services

Knowledge of the changes in a material’s function, form, and location during the transfer and transformation of materials to generate human services will improve our understanding of how humanity interacts with the environment and of how services are formed by human activities. We compared lead’s anthropogenic and biogeochemical cycles and found that the services, pathways, and changes in form requiring the most attention. We traced lead through its life cycle and identified the changes in its functions, forms, and locations by examining technology and engineering information. Lead ore and scrap were the two main anthropogenic sources of lead. When lead provides human services, its main functions included the storage and delivery of electricity, anti-corrosion treatments, and radiation protection; the main forms of lead in these products were Pb, PbO2 and PbSO4, and the main location changed from lithosphere in central China to regions in eastern China.

韦君宜纪事——谨以此篇纪念韦君宜百年诞辰

韦君宜是二十世纪知识分子的杰出代表。她是清华校团进步文化活动中的积极分子,是"一二·九"爱国学生运动中著名的笔杆子和中国共产党领导下的抗日爱国青年,奔赴抗日革命根据地后主要从事编辑工作。新中国成立之初,她主要从事青年团工作,后主要从事编辑出版工作直到离休。她用手中的笔记录下她所经历的风云变幻的时代与人生。韦君宜以她丰富的革命阅历和高度的使命感,编辑家的视野和作家的情怀,见证了二十世纪中华大地从觉醒抗争到艰难向前发展的历史进程。同时也向我们展示了忠诚的共产党员坚守理想信念,勇于进取,为党为国为民奉献一生的精神品格。

Impacts of Ecological Restoration and Human Activities on Habitat of Overwintering Migratory Birds in the Wetland of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, China

Increasing human activities have contributed to global climate change, and thus resulted in a downward trend in the number of species and population sizes of migratory birds. This trend is closely related to a reduction in habitat size and lower habitat quality. The Poyang Lake wetland in China constitutes one of Asia's largest overwintering habitats for migratory birds. Over the past 10 years, restoration projects have improved the habitat ecology of these wetlands. In this study, we assessed the changes in habitat quality for overwintering migratory birds from 2000 to 2012 near two villages in the Poyang Lake wetland using the In VEST model. Average habitat quality for migratory birds has been improved by 18.8% and47.7%. Differences in the degrees of habitat improvement can be attributed to differences in the change of habitat size and in the impact of threat sources that resulted from the combined effects of restoration and human activities in these two villages.

Spatio-temporal Pattern of Net Primary Productivity in Hengduan Mountains area, China： Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities

Net primary productivity(NPP), a metric used to define and identify changes in plant communities, is greatly affected by climate change, human activities and other factors. Here, we used the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model to estimate the NPP of plant communities in Hengduan Mountains area of China, and to explore the relationship between NPP and altitude in this region. We examined the mechanisms underlying vegetation growth responses to climate change and quantitatively assessed the effects of ecological protection measures by partitioning the contributions of climate change and human activities to NPP changes. The results demonstrated that: 1) the average total and annual NPP values over the years were 209.15 Tg C and 468.06 g C/(m2·yr), respectively. Their trend increasingly fluctuated, with spatial distribution strongly linked to altitude(i.e., lower and higher NPP in high altitude and low altitude areas, respectively) and 2400 m represented the marginal altitude for vegetation differentiation; 2) areas where climate was the main factor affecting NPP accounted for 18.2% of the total research area, whereas human activities were the primary factor influencing NPP in 81.8% of the total research area, which indicated that human activity was the main force driving changes in NPP. Areas where climatic factors(i.e., temperature and precipitation) were the main driving factors occupied 13.6%(temperature) and 6.0%(precipitation) of the total research area, respectively. Therefore, the effect of temperature on NPP changes was stronger than that of precipitation; and 3) the majority of NPP residuals from 2001 to 2014 were positive, with human activities playing an active role in determining regional vegetation growth, possibly due to the return of farmland back to forest and natural forest protection. However, this positive trend is decreasing. This clearly shows the periodical nature of ecological projects and a lack of long-term effectiveness.

Expansion of Small Terrestrial Mammals and Their Parasites into the Barun Valley (Makalu Mt. Region, Nepal Himalaya) Linked with Changes in Glaciation and Human Activities

The article is based on collection of small terrestrial mammals(Soriculus nigrescens,Episoriculus caudatus, Neodon sikimensis,Alticola stoliczkanus, Niviventer eha and Ochotona roylei) collected in the Barun Valley, east Nepal in the pre-monsoon period of 1973.Zoogeographic and ecological characteristics and altitudinal stratification of these species are analysed, depending both on abiotic(geomorphological and climatic) and biotic(vegetation, and human presence and activities)factors. All the captured mammals were examined for ecto- and endoparasities. Infestations of Trombiculid mites and Ixodid ticks were tightly linked to the local habitat where these ectoparasites must survive during their nonparasitic phase. Analysis of their occurrence completes the reconstruction of migration routes during the expansion of small mammals into the Barun Valley and the exacerbating influence of human activities(summer pasturing,mountaineering expeditions and trekking parties).An indicator of anthropogenic influence was the occurrence of synantropic flies. The potential medical importance of these findings is discussed.It is assumed a possible occurrence of arboviruses transmitted by ticks and also rickettsioses(transmitted by ticks and chigger mites). As far bacteriological infections, plague cannot be excluded.

Alteration of certain soil microbiological and biochemical indices of a paddy soil under anthropogenic stress

A 21-day laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of pesticides (insecticide, herbicide, fungicide) on paddy field soil health under controlled moisture (flooded soil) and temperature (25 ℃) environment. The electron transport system (ETS)/Dehydrogenase activity showed negative correlation with pesticides concentrations, decreased with increase of pesticide concentration. The higher doses(5 to 10 times field rates) of pesticides significantly inhibited ETS activity, while lower rates failed to produce any significant reducing effect on the control. The toxicity of pesticides in decreasing the ETS activity was in the order: insecticide > fungicide > herbicide, irrespective of their rates of application. The pesticides increased the soil phenol content, which increased with increasing concentration of agrochemicals. The pesticide application did not produce any significant change in soil protein content. The response of biomass phospholipid content was nearly similar to that of ETS activity. The phospholipid content decreased with the addition of pesticides in the order insecticide > fungicide > herbicide and the toxicity was in the order: 10 FR (field rate) > 5 FR > 1.0 FR > 0.5 FR > control.

Gastric stimulation for weight loss

The prevalence of obesity is growing to epidemic proportions,and there is clearly a need for minimally invasive therapies with few adverse effects that allow for sustained weight loss.Behavior and lifestyle therapy are safe treatments for obesity in the short term,but the durability of the weight loss is limited.Although promising obesity drugs are in development,the currently available drugs lack efficacy or have unacceptable side effects.Surgery leads to long-term weight loss,but it is associated with morbidity and mortality.Gastric electrical stimulation(GES) has received increasing attention as a potential tool for treating obesity and gastrointestinal dysmotility disorders.GES is a promising,minimally invasive,safe,and effective method for treating obesity.External gastric pacing is aimed at alteration of the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in a way that will alter absorption due to alteration of transit time.In addition,data from animal models and preliminary data from human trials suggest a role for the gut-brain axis in the mechanism of GES.This may involve alteration of secretion of hormones associated with hunger or satiety.Patient selection for gastric stimulation therapy seems to be an important determinant of the treatment's outcome.Here,we review the current status,potential mechanisms of action,and possible future applications of gastric stimulation for obesity.

HISTORICAL DESERTIFICATION PROCESS IN HEXI CORRIDOR,CHINA

Over the last 2000 years, approximately 38 ancient cities were abandoned through desertification in Hexi Corridor, Northwest China. Among them, 21.05% were abandoned during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, 21.05% during the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and 57.9% during the Ming and Qing dynasties. At the same time, main lakes were shrinking rapidly from the 5th Century to the 6th Century and the end of the Qing Dynasty. The climate in these periods was relatively arid and cold with frequent dusts. The phase of these changes indicated that there were three periods of desertification enlargement in the northern China. They were Northern and Southern Dynasties, the end of Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, the Ming and Qing dynasties. The macro-process of desertification in the study area was controlled mainly by the climatic changes. But from the facts that the population density in the middle of Qing Dynasty had exceeded the critical index of population pressure in arid area and the usage rate of water resources had exceeded 40% in Hexi Corridor, this paper also suggests that human activities have played an important role in desertification processes of the study area mainly during the recent 300 years.

Impacts of Human Activity on Biodiversity——An Approach to Driving Force Indicators

The impact of human activity on biodiversity is very complicated, making it difficult to design practical indicators for assessment.Currently,state and response indicators are listed within Chapter15 of Agenda21,but no mention is made of driving force indicators and how they relate to biodiversity protection. This paper repre- sents an effort to identify and then operationalize the idea of driving force indicators at national level.Five human induced factors affecting biodiversity were discussed: (a) habitat loss and fragmentation; (b) overexploitation of resources;(c)species introduction;(d)pollution;and (e) climate change. From these five factors, a subsetwas selected to serve as possible driving force indicators:(1)habitat loss, (2)the ratio of exotic species to indigenous ones, and (3)the change in pollution status. Although the three indicators are relatively simple,they coverthe most important human impacts on biodiversity and offer the potential for further redefinition and ultimate use within the spirit of biodiversity protection.

On Mechanisms of Human Behavior： The ＂Mind Blindness Phenomenon＂ in Philosophy, Religion, Science, and Medicine

The phenomenon described here has no scientific title, but occurs frequently in daily living, from science to philosophy, religion, and medicine. In every field of human endeavor, when a view is expressed, sharp and profound differences of opinion ensue. Initially, we coin this phenomenon as ＂understanding blindness＂ or ＂mind＇s awareness.＂ Thereafter, we decide to refer to it as ＂mind blindness,＂ a concept introduced to science by Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, who coins it for a cognitive disorder associated with autism, Asperger＇s syndrome, and schizophrenia. Baron-Cohen＇s usage has subsequently been extended to dementia, bi-polar disorders, antisocial personality disorders, and even normal aging. In our view, definition and identification of ＂mind blindness＂ in philosophy, religion, science, medicine, and at end-of-life care can help mankind to better understand mechanisms of human behavior, and the causes of conflicts, controversies, contradictions, and sharp differences of opinion in human life, and even to solve some of them.

A New Carbon and Oxygen Balance Model Based on Ecological Service of Urban Vegetation

The application of human induced oxygen consumption and carbon emission theory in urban region was summed up and on this base a new model of urban carbon and oxygen balance (UCOB) was constructed by calculating the carbon and oxygen fluxes. The purpose was to highlight the role of vegetation in urban ecosystems and evaluate the effects of various human activities on urban annual oxygen consumption and carbon emission. Hopefully,the model would be helpful in theory to keep the regional balance of carbon and oxygen,and provide guidance and support for urban vegetation planning in the future. To test the UCOB model,the Jimei District of Xiamen City,Fujian Province,China,a very typical urban region,was selected as a case study. The results turn out that Jimei′s vegetation service in oxygen emission and carbon sequestration could not meet the demand of the urban population,and more than 31.49 times of vegetation area should be added to meet the whole oxygen consumption in Jimei while 9.60 times of vegetation area are needed to meet the carbon sequestration targets. The results show that the new UCOB model is of a great potential to be applied to quantitative planning of urban vegetation and regional eco-compensation mechanisms.

Revisiting Sustainable Development of Dry Valleys in Hengduan Mountains Region

Dry valleys are a striking geographic landscape in Hengduan Mountains Region and are characterized by low rainfall, desert type of vegetation and fragile environment. Past efforts and resources have been concentrated mainly on rehabilitation of degraded ecosystem and fragile environment, particularly reforestation, while socio-economic development has been largely overlooked. Despite successes in pocket areas, the overall trend of unsustainability and environmental deterioration are continuing. It is important to understand that uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is the root cause of development of dry valleys, and development and formation of dry valleys is a natural process. Human intervention has played a secondary role in development of dry valleys and degradation of dry valleys though human intervention in many cases has speeded up environmental degradation of the dry valleys. It is important to understand that dry valleys are climatic enclaves and an integrated approach that combines rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and socio-economic development should be adopted if the overall goal of sustainable development of dry valleys is to be achieved. Promotion of niche-based cash crops, rural energy including hydropower, solar energy, biogas and fuelwood plantation is recommended as the priority activities.

Characterization of Soil Quality Under Vegetable Production Along an Urban-Rural Gradient

Human activity and urbanization result in urban-rural environmental gradients. Understanding effect of the gradients on soil properties is necessary for management of the soils around urban areas. In this study, soil quality of some vegetable fields was characterized along an urban-rural gradient in Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province. Fifteen soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated by using principal component analysis.Results showed that there was a great variation in the soil quality along the gradient. From rural to urban zones, soil organic matter, water-stable aggregates, cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), total N and P, and available K increased, whereas soil pH value decreased. In addition, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn and Cr in the soils tended to be accumulated toward the urban zone. Sequential chemical extraction showed that mobility of all the heavy metals in the soils tended to increase from the rural to the urban zones. The variation of soil properties accounted for by the first principal component was significantly explained by the difference in application rates of municipal wastes.

Three Gorges Project:a project for ecological improvement and environmental protection in Yangtze River Basin

Seeking water and earning their livelihoods is the natural selection of human beings.Like other rivers on the earth,the Yangtze River is the birthplace of human civilization and survival.As an ecosystem,the Yangtze River Basin is evolving under the influences of natural factors and human activities.Because of soil erosion,pollution and human activities,the imbalance of secondary environment is exacerbated and the ecological environment has become more vulnerable,so it is urgent to mitigate and prevent the ecological crisis.The practice has proved that implementation of engineering measures is an effective way to improve the ecological environment.The Three Gorges Project (TGP) has a flood control storage capacity of 22.15 billion m 3,effectively storing the flood water upstream of Yichang,and protects 15 million people and 1.5 million hm 2 farmland.Furthermore,the project can prevent or slow down the sedimentation and shrinkage of the lakes in the middle Yangtze River such as Dongting Lake;with an average annual power generation of about 90 billion kW· h,it can significantly reduce the emissions of harmful gas like CO 2.In general,the construction of TGP is conducive to the ecological and environmental protection in the Yangtze River Basin and China,even the world.

Effects of Aerosols on Fogs Observed in the North China Plain

Fog simulation and prediction are becoming increasingly important in China because of the great impact of fog on traffic and other human activities. More studies are needed to have a better understanding of the formation mechanisms and life cycles of fogs. This work uses data from two fog cases observed in Wuqing, Tianjin, in 2009. The data include aerosol size distribution, fog droplet size distribution, fog liquid water content, and meteorological properties. The results show that increasing aerosols can increase the number concentration of fog droplets and decrease fog droplet size, which is consistent with the first aerosol indirect effect found in clouds. It is also shown that increased aerosols can lead to lower visibility in fogs. This work demonstrates that the first aerosol indirect effect plays an important role in fogs.

High school sports programs differentially impact participation by sex

Background： Among numerous health benefits, sports participation has been shown to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Schools represent an ideal environment for increasing sports participation, but it is unclear how access and choice influence participation and whether characteristics of the school sports program differentially influence boys＇ and girls＇ participation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of high school athletic programs and determine the extent to which these characteristics influenced boys＇ and girls＇ sports team participation. Methods： Longitudinal telephone surveys were conducted with 1244 New Hampshire and Vermont students. Students self-reported their sports team participation at baseline （elementary school） and follow-up （high school）. High school personnel were surveyed to assess sports oppor- tunities, which were defined for this analysis as the number of sports offered per 100 students （i.e., choice） and the percent of sports offered that did not restrict the number of players （i.e., access）. Results： Approximately 70% of children participated on at least one sports team, including 73% of boys and 66% of girls. We detected sta- tistically significant interactions between sex and two school opportunity variables： 1） the number of sports offered per 100 students （i.e., choice） and 2） the percent of sports offered that did not restrict the number of players （i.e., access）. After controlling for children＇s baseline sports participation and other covariates, boys were more likely to play on at least one sports team per year if their school did not restrict participation in the most popular sports （relative risk, RR = 1.12, p 〈 0.01）; in contrast, girls were more likely to play on at least one sports team per year if their school offered a wider variety of sports （RR = 1.47, p 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Sports participation has previously been shown to confer a number of health benefits; as such, school sports programs may be an important, effective, and underused target for public health efforts, including obesity prevention programs. Efforts to increase physical activity among youth should consider both access and choice in school athletic programs. Schools may need to use different strategies to increase sports participation in boys and girls.