人类化历史与人性化:一种技术社会学的视角

人文主义是干预人的构成或者人类化历史的一种努力。始于旧石器时代的人类化历史是一个持续形成、至今尚未终结的过程,它的最新阶段是工业革命阶段。西方的现代化似乎预示世界人性的未来,但工业化的益处与弊端在世界各地传播的非均衡性导致了人类生存环境的多样性。批判地评论非洲在全球技术政治学中的地位,意味着必须描绘出非洲的不人道的居住环境,它构成了非洲工业化进程一部分。人类化历史这一阶段的苦难可以成为人类反思的新起点。为了赋予现代化进程以人性化的特质,需考察现代化在多大程度上能够允许对工业阶段的人类化进程实施干预。在考察多元现代性或者可替代的现代性理论的基础上,探讨关于新人文主义应有之义,仅仅是新的人类化历史的开端。基于对新人文主义传播的技术条件的可能性的考察,需明确保证新人文主义实现的五项技术导向性任务。

新建本科院校历史学科历史人类学化的推进路径

在应用型、新师范、新文科等多重高教改革背景下,新建本科院校历史学科应顺应改革的需要并走向历史现场,发挥边缘优势并克服瓶颈问题,促进新建本科院校历史学科的历史人类学化。对此,坚持历史人类学式教育教学,据以改变学科旧文化、构建研教新体系、营造治理新生态,应成为此类院校有志于实现历史学科治理现代化的管理者持续努力的方向,其中的关键在于推进管理理念的实践性革新、考核机制的过程性建构、培养过程的素养性纠正。进一步来讲,历史人类学式的学科治理不仅有望引领此类高校历史学科的转型发展,且或将成为其相关学科实现转型发展的重要进路。

历史人类学的不同路径:人类学的历史化和历史学的人类学转向

20世纪下半叶以来,历史人类学无论在人类学界还是历史学界都得到了充足的发展。在本文中,笔者通过历史学和人类学的结合、人类学的历史化以及历史学的"人类学转向"三个方面展现人类学和历史学的结合,以及两者的相互影响。对人类学而言,历史人类学意味着人类学从共时性分析转向历时性分析;而对历史学而言,历史人类学提供了新的研究领域和研究方法。尽管历史学家和人类学家对历史人类学有着不同的理解,但显然历史学和人类学的交流有助于两个学科的发展。

论西方“历史人类学”及其学术环境

目前学界多站在西方史学脉络中、从西方史学"人类学化"的角度来讨论西方"历史人类学"。本文通过对引发人类学"历史化"的学术环境进行系统揭示,论证了西方人类学脉络中"历史人类学"产生和存在的客观可能性,为全面理解西方"历史人类学"展示了一种新的视角。

Observe Chinese Culture from Chinese Idioms

Chinese idioms are the essence of the Chinese language, the crystallization of human wisdom and the important cartier of national culture. Through the structure, content and meaning of Chinese idioms, we can see various forms of the history and culture of the Han nationality. Observe national culture through the structure, content, meaning of Chinese idioms, namely the phenomenon of the linguistic phenomenon and culture phenomenon, we focus on elaborating Chinese idioms and cultural relationship between a Chinese idiom and Chinese culture.

Respect for Human Beings and Education as a Possibility of Overcoming the Situation of Injustice

Kuquradi （1994）, in a paper entitled ＂The concept of Justice,＂ makes a determination in terms of the situation of injustice by comparing individual situations. In her opinion, when we consider the injustice in individual situations, we consider two different things and compare them through a third （middle） term. In other words, we consider： （1） some things that a person possesses at a certain moment, （2） the things that another person possesses at a certain moment, and （3） we compare human beings as a species, in respect of the actualisation of the human potentialities at this historical moment. From the Ku^uradi＇s point of view, conceptualization of the idea of justice, that is, giving an answer that can be established by knowledge to the question of ＂what is justice？＂ is the inevitable condition for surpassing this situation （1994）. But, here we may claim that the situation of injustice can be surpassed by the feeling of respect for human being in the Kantian sense without the conceptualizing the idea of justice as a precondition. If certain persons who actualize the human potentialities in a higher degree than others at the same historical moment and act with a will determined by the law of moral, shall inevitably be respected by other persons who have not yet actualized such potentialities in themselves. It seems that the appearance of this feeling is possible only through a moral education in the Kantian sense, through which persons who have actualized human potentialities in a higher degree will possess a will determined by the moral law.

The Impact of the African Culture on World Civilization

Although much has been written about African contributions to world civilization, the authors would like to discuss in this paper the reasons why Africa is considered the cradle of civilizations and some specific elements of African culture found in other parts of the world. The dominant view is that the history of humankind began in Africa, particularly in East Africa （Ethiopia and Tanzania）. Human history in Africa is immensely long. In fact, both archaeological research and genetic studies strongly support the theory that the evolution of the modern human species （Homo sapiens） occurred in Africa. Thereafter, these early human beings spread rapidly from East Africa throughout Africa and the rest of the world. As they spread across the globe, the early human beings adapted to very different environments by developing the slight genetic variations which produce differences in skin color, hair, body type, and facial features. From Africa some people migrated into Asia before continuing to other parts of the world. The idea that the first Africans chose Asia when they decided to migrate provides the first link between Africans and Asians. Early Asians must be the closest cousins of the early Africans. Although there are historical, cultural, and linguistic connections between the African and Eastern Cultures, the authors will only discuss four major cultural elements. These include religious beliefs, concept of history and time, social structures, and the human body.

Study on the Policy of Embodying Language Difference between Chinese and Western Culture

For centuries, cross-cultural exchange activities throughout history, language and culture from the communication is an integral part of the contact. For the entire human history, cross-cultural communication is not strange. It plays an important role in studying different languages. Language is the carrier of culture and the main manifestation of culture. Language is developing with the development of a nation, it is an integral part of national culture, history, customs and local customs and practices, the nation＇s culture and social customs are also in the national language to show. The different historical background and development process leads to great difference exists in Western languages. With mutual understanding and deepen, the conflict in western culture are increasing. Language is the primary from of communication. And the use of language and culture are closely related. So ＂differences between Chinese culture and Western culture in English language＂ has become the important topic of intercultural communication.

Explaining the Rule of Translation Based on the Cross-cultural Thinking

The emphasis of translation is faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance, which is based on understanding of the two kinds of ethnic cultural background achieved. Language as a product of society, as the crystallization of human history and culture, which is the combination of all the characteristics of the entire nation＇s social consciousness, customs, history and culture of human society. In this paper, starting from the Central American countries of different cultural perspectives, pointed out that cultural issues should be noted that in the process of translation. In terms of history, geography, traditional thinking, cognitive systems, text analysis of the causes of the Sino-US cultural differences. Translation and culture has a secret, regardless of the contact. Cultural commonalities translation becomes possible, but the personality of their language and culture gave an obstacle translation activities. Due to differences in national history, social system, habits, there is a great difference between the Chinese Han culture and the American culture, this difference is caused by the different ways of thinking, embodied in both Chinese and English language performance including words understanding and the use of different meaning connotation of associative meaning, and sentence structure. For this reason, the analysis of the theoretical principles of sentences by reference to further explore and propose solutions on certain aspects is essential. And in today＇s globalized increasingly competitive situation, how to be more accurate English translation closer to the two languages, culture, and then discuss the worth of the majority of English learners.

An Anthropology of Historic Foods in Japan, China and Korea

This paper is divided into three subjects： Japanese Genghis Khan, Chinese tofu and Korean bibimbap （mixed rice with vegetables）. It will be a cross-cultural and comparative research on historic foods among three countries （Japan, China, and Korea）, in relation to national culinary identity.

Cairo＇s Slums： A Ticking Time Bomb

Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human necessities. These slums represent a fertile environment for diseases caused by pollution in all its forms and are subject to crimes, rape and theft. There is a huge difference in the state of conditions when comparing the formally planned areas to the informally planned ones. People living in the formally planned settlements, like Nasr City, and in informal ones, like Ezbet El-Haggana, are similar to the kings and queens and slaves of legends. This paper tries to find solutions to the problem of slums and random areas.

Exploring seven hundred years of transhumance, climate dynamic, fire and human activity through a historical mountain pass in central Spain

A high-altitude peat sequence from the heart of the Spanish Central System(Gredos range) was analysed through a multi-proxy approach to determine the sensitivity of high-mountain habitats to climate, fire and land use changes during the last seven hundred years, providing valuable insight into our understanding of the vegetation history and environmental changes in a mountain pass close to a traditional route of transhumance. The pollen data indicate that the vegetation was dominated by shrublands and grasslands with scattered pines in high-mountain areas, while in the valleys cereals, chestnut and olive trees were cultivated. Strong declines of high-mountain pines percentages are recorded at 1540, 1675, 1765, 1835 and 1925 cal AD, which may be related to increasing grazing activities and/or the occurrence of anthropogenic fires. The practice of mountain summer farming and transhumance deeply changed and redesigned the landscape of the high altitudes in central Spain(Gredos range) since the Middle Ages, although its dynamics was influenced in some way by climate variability of the past seven centuries.

Taste responsiveness to two steviol glycosides in three species of nonhuman primates

Primates have been found to differ widely in their taste perception and studies suggest that a coevolution between plant species bearing a certain taste substance and primate species feeding on these plants may contribute to such between-species differences. Considering that only platyrrhine primates, but not catarrhine or prosimian primates, share an evolutionary history with the neotrop- ical plant Stevia rebaudiana, we assessed whether members of these three primate taxa differ in their ability to perceive and/or in their sensitivity to its two quantitatively predominant sweet- tasting substances. We found that not only neotropical black-handed spider monkeys, but also paleotropical black-and-white ruffed lemurs and Western chimpanzees are clearly able to perceive stevioside and rebaudioside A. Using a two-bottle preference test of short duration, we found that Ateles geoffroyi preferred concentrations as low as 0.05 mM stevioside and 0.01 mM rebaudioside A over tap water. Taste preference thresholds of Pan troglodytes were similar to those of the spider monkeys, with 0.05 mM for stevioside and 0.03 mM for rebaudioside A, whereas Varecia variegata was slightly less sensitive with a threshold value of 0.1 mM for both substances. Thus, all three primate species are, similar to human subjects, clearly more sensitive to both steviol glycosides compared to sucrose. Only the spider monkeys displayed concentration-response curves with both stevioside and rebaudioside A which can best be described as an inverted U-shaped function sug- gesting that Ateles geoffroyi, similar to human subjects, may perceive a bitter side taste at higher concentrations of these substances. Taken together, the results of the present study do not support the notion that a co-evolution between plant and primate species may account for between-species differences in taste perception of steviol glycosides.

科际整合语境下对“传统”的挖掘与反思——重新解读《传统的发明》

《传统的发明》是一本淡化学科本位思想的著作,它展现了历史学与人类学之间科际整合的力量。这本著作于1974年出版,反映了自上世纪70-80年代以来的人类学历史化的倾向和历史学人类学化的倾向。这样的科际整合聚焦于"历史活在当下",用发明的传统来解释当下的背景。