中华民族是人类古文明的主要缔造者——访文化人类学家、作家、民俗学家 林河

近些年来,随着考古新发现的不断涌现与社会科学综合研究能力的不断增强,大量的出土文物和客观事实证明,我们的中华文明史并非只有5000年,中华文明的萌芽已超过了10000年,中华科技文明史也将近10000年了。我们完全可以宣称我们的中华文明为“万年文明”.如此来说,中国就不仅仅是世界四大文明古国之一,而应是人类古文明的主要缔造者了。我本人赞同这个结论。为此,我专访了这一结论的提出者、我国文化人类学家与民俗学家——林河先生。

历史考古的新观点(之一) 古生物学意义和人文科学意义的“人—Real Human”

关于"人类"存在几种不同的定义,本文提出一种新定义":人文科学意义上的人—Real Human",即"真人"——就是"掌握有声语言、能够思维、通过语言进行思想交流的高级灵长类动物"。最新科学成就发现了人脑的独特基因——LAMC3,以及控制语言能力发展的Fox P2基因;人类的Fox P2基因突变,大约在10万年至7万年前,相应的神经系统和发声器官咽、喉、声带、舌骨等完全进化,可以掌握语言了,这是猿人变成真人的一大飞跃,从此人类学会了使用抽象思维和符号解决问题。只有大脑产生了语言和抽象思维系统,才能成为真正的人—Real Human。本文从分子生物学的角度探讨语言起源的问题,认为有声语言的初步出现大约在10万年至5万年前,此后再不断进化与分化,逐步形成现代各种语言。

核化线粒体组学与转基因人分析法

二十世纪遗传与基因工程技术的发展为人类从生物化学和遗传学角度探索基因及其产物的分子机制开辟了新途径。然而,现有基因工程技术,特别是转基因技术,因伦理学上的原因并不完全适用于涉及人类自身的生物医学研究。因此,有待新技术与方法的建立以使基因工程策略能更好地用于人类基因组水平的研究。本文提出一种转基因人分析法即以人类染色体DNA与线粒体DNA的重组作为研究对象。我们将这种研究线粒体DNA与染色体DNA的相互作用的科学称之为核化线粒体组学。利用核化线粒体组学方法,一个长度为16 kb与人类线粒体参考序列NG-001807具有94％同源性的人类古线粒体已组装完成,其无疑将对现代医学与进化研究具有不可估量的作用。

关于文物犯罪几个问题的思考

我国《文物保护法》及文博学界将文物视为人类制造物或者与人类活动有关的遗物遗迹。这种界定的不足在于它同刑法的规定不甚协调。走私文物罪的对象应包括古人类化石和古脊椎动物化石,倒卖文物罪的对象不限于珍贵文物,盗掘古文化遗址、古墓葬是单一的行为。在涉嫌文物犯罪中,被委派作鉴定的专家应来自与文物行政部门无隶属关系的高等院校或研究机构。

论盗掘古人类化石、古脊椎动物化石罪

一、立法概述 人们对古脊椎动物化石、古人类化石的认识有一个逐步深化的过程,而采用法律的形式对其实行保护则是这种认识不断深化的结果.在距今约5亿年的奥陶纪时,从无脊椎动物中进化出最早的脊椎动物.脊椎动物最明显的特征是身体背部有一根脊柱,它是由一块块脊椎骨相互关节串连在一起的,相当于支撑身体的一根大梁.它包括鱼类、蛙类、爬行类、鸟类、兽类等动物.

盗掘古人类化石、古脊椎动物化石罪探析

本罪所侵犯的客体应为国家的古生物化石管理制度和国家对古生物化石的所有权。在主观上 ,只要行为人明知盗掘的对象为国家禁止私自采掘的古生物化石即可 ,不必要对行为对象的科学价值有充分认识。本罪属于结果犯 ,应以事实上挖掘到古人类化石或古脊椎动物化石为既遂。

Astronomy and Messages from Ancient Times

Our solar system＇s cyclic order explains the sudden appearance of the Advanced Sumerians and Pharaohs around the time of the Atlantean and Mayan destruction. Certainly past advanced civilizations do point to the cyclic rise and fall of human cultures extending much farther back into ＂prehistory＂ than currently accepted. Ancients believed the universe was concentric heavens, there is evidence of the ancient knowledge of the sun＇s processional cycle of almost 26,000 years, leading to the coup of north and south poles. Edmund Halley wrote about the photon belt that periodically encases the Pleiades constellation＇s eight suns. Halley proposed planet Earth was composed of five concentric earths. In 1950s Doctors Watson and Crick discovered a third separated strand in the double helix. Now energies from the Photon Belt are recalibrating dormant DNA strands, where originally humanity was endowed with 12 DNA strands. Every culture developed their legend of the perfect Human who emerges at the end of human evolution, these prophecies also met with the Abrahamic religions concerning the end＇s signs and the return of paradise on Earth. Christ and the Quran spoke of a light consciousness that succeeds in the earth and the succession of angel like humans before the end.

Response of Cultural Lake Eutrophication to Hemp-retting in Quidenham Mere of England in Post-Medieval

To study the influence of human activity on natural lake, chironomid fauna change in the 700-560cm lake sediment in Quidenham Mere of England associated with chironomid inferred TP presented that the lake experienced a whole eutrophication process due to human hemp-retting in Post-Medieval based on the history record and pollen analysis, which was confirmed by mollusc and ostracod analysis. However, the response of chironomid and mollusc to retting was the strongest with ostracod a little behind. It proved that cultural eutrophication existed in history and could be recovered by itself despite of some long-term unachievahle destroy. And it was most important for external nutrient to be cut off during lake restoration even in ancient times.

Application of Molecular Genetic Methods in Anthropological and Paleodemographic Studies of Fragmentary and Damaged Skeletal Material from Rescue Excavations

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the application of molecular genetic methods in anthropology and paleodemography in case where the examined bone material is damaged and fragmented, and where the skeletal remains of children are investigated. The application of traditional anthropological methods is limited, especially if sex determination of children and fragmentary skeletal remains is detected. Sex typing genetic markers （SRY, amelogenin） were used for sex determination of children and undetermined fragmentary skeletal remains from the burial site Pohansko, south outer precincts （Czech Republic）. This is an approximately 1,200 year-old burial site （the Great Moravian period）, which was excavated during rescue excavations. After the genetic analysis, sex was determined in more than half of the investigated samples. The results of the genetic analysis were used for completion of demographic data of this archaeological site. The results of sex determination of several samples were independently verified by the Institute of Criminology in Prague （Czech Republic）, using the PowerPlex ESX 17 System （Promega）. This study showed the suitability of modem molecular genetic methods to skeletal anthropology and paleodemographic analyses.

《濂溪故里——考古学与人类学视野中的古村落》简介

《濂溪故里——考古学与人类学视野中的古村落》由湖南省文物考古研究所编著，科学出版社2011年6月出版发行。该书正文约97万字，定价488元。 濂溪故里是宋代著名理学大师周敦颐故居的所在地，保留了不少周敦颐及其宗亲后裔的遗存。

Pharmacophore identification and validation for human nAChR α7 agonists

Human nAChR u7 is the potential target for schizophrenia cognitive disorders, and it is meaningful to develop selective human nAChR α7 agonists for the clinical treatment of the disease. Because the crystal structure ofα7 receptor has not been resolved, ligand-based drug design strategy was took in this work. A 3D QSAR pharmacophore model was built by HypoGen method, and its quality was evaluated by cost function. Furthermore, the pharmacophore model was validated with activity prediction of test set and was cross-validated based on Fisher＇s Randomization Method. By Enrichment Factor and AU-ROC analysis, the final pharmacophore, which is consisted of one HBA, two Hydrophobic and one PosIonizable, was selected and it fitted well with the docking result of α7 homology model and the ligand. The pharmacophore is expected for the following virtual screening and lead optimization of human nAChR α7 agonists, which is important for the development and discovery of novel antipsychotics.

Possible obliquity-forced warmth in southern Asia during the last glacial stage

Orbital-scale global climatic changes during the late Quaternary are dominated by high-latitude influenced~100,000-year global ice-age cycles and monsoon influenced~23,000-year low-latitude hydroclimate variations.However,the shortage of highly-resolved land temperature records remains a limiting factor for achieving a comprehensive understanding of long-term low-latitude terrestrial climatic changes.Here,we report paired mean annual air temperature(MAAT)and monsoon intensity proxy records over the past 88,000 years from Lake Tengchongqinghai in southwestern China.While summer monsoon intensity follows the~23,000-year precession beat found also in previous studies,we identify previously unrecognized warm periods at 88,000-71,000 and 45,000-22,000 years ago,with 2-3℃amplitudes that are close to our recorded full glacial-interglacial range.Using advanced transient climate simulations and comparing with forcing factors,we find that these warm periods in our MAAT record probably depends on local annual mean insolation,which is controlled by Earth’s~41,000-year obliquity cycles and is anti-phased to annual mean insolation at high latitudes.The coincidence of our identified warm periods and intervals of high-frequent dated archaeological evidence highlights the importance of temperature on anatomically modern humans in Asia during the last glacial stage.

Preliminary studies on the basic factors of bionics

The bionic consciousness,idea,and practice opened a unique path for the progress of mankind,the development of the society,and the innovation of science and technology from the subconscious bionic activities of the ancient humans to the significant bionic designs in modern engineering.Nowadays,driven by the practical demand of human beings,bionics becomes an important factor for the sustainable development of technology.A lot of new and outstanding innovations have been produced through the effective interactions between bionics,technology,and demand.The stronger the interactions,the greater the innovation success would be.In this article,the basic factors such as the connotation,characteristics,and interactions of bionic demands,bionic models,bionic simulations,and bionic products were explained,which are the indispensable basic knowledge for improving the ability of innovation especially for the original one,realizing the design and innovation of new technology and manufacturing for better bionic products.

Reconstructing vegetation and climate in the Nihewan Basinr North China,during the middle Pleistocene(〜603-587 ka)to trace the evolution of human environments

Aims The Nihewan Basin of North China,considered the cradle of Eastern civilization,contains a set of late Cenozoic strata and artifacts used by Homo ereettvs in the early Pleistocene(〜1.66 Ma to 780 ka)and the cranial bones and teeth of early H.sapiens from the late middle Pleistocene(~370 to 260 ka).Palynological studies provide an opportunity to explore the living environment of early humans.Methods Ralynological samples from the Hutouliang Section(-603-587 ka)of the Xiaodukou Formation of the Nihewan Basin were treated by heavy liquid flotation.Based on the palynological assemblages from the section,vegetation and climate in the Nihewan Basin were reconstructed.Important Findings The dynamic vegetation changed from temperate needle-and broad-leaved mixed forest-steppe(mainly Picea,Abies,Betula,luglans,Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae)to conifer forest(mainly Pinus,Picea and Abies),which saw the replacement of H.erectus by early H.sapiens.The comparison of the Nihewan Basin with other human sites around the world during the same period reveals that early humans preferred to live in caves,accompanied by relatively open steppe or forest-steppe environments,inhabited by numerous mammals.Therefore,it is inferred that the emergence of dense conifer forest and the disappearance of open steppe environments in the Nihewan Basin at approximately 603-587 ka provide new evidence that early humans followed most mammals to steppe or forest-steppe environments and thus left the Nihewan Basin.These new findings not only enrich our knowledge of early human behavior,such as their diet,migration and settlement,but also fill in gaps in paleovegetation and paleoenvironmental research in the Nihewan Basin during the middle Pleistocene(780-400 ka).