论人类治理模式的演变

传统政治学以国家政治为本位 ,未能站在人类的高度去审视政治生活。从“类”的视角出发 ,考察人类公共治理的历史演变 ,可以发现人类历史依次经历了部落治理模式、自然国家治理模式、主权国家治理模式和多元治理模式四个阶段。在全球化浪潮冲击下 ,人类治理模式正面临一场深刻的革命 ,即由基于国家主权和国家利益的多元治理模式转变为全球政治一体化的全球治理时代。全球治理是人类战胜来自社会内部和自然界的双重致命威胁的唯一途径 ,也是人类终结其原始敌对情结和集体恶性竞争的唯一道路。为此 ,人类需要一场更为深刻的思想启蒙运动 ,政治学应为全球治理的新时代提供革命性的理论学说。

论全球性与人类公共伦理

全球场域“双重结构”中的人类交往,凸显多元行为体的相互建构、共同演化以及共同走向“类的共同体”的世界历史进程。全球性是这一进程的产物,核心特征是重视人类本位以及人类交往的“非中心化”。开启人类公共伦理讨论,指向的是构建基于全球性的公共性伦理框架,维护全球场域的公共性和多元行为体的合作共存,发展彼此承认、承诺的伦理原则、道德规范和集体行动策略。因全球性彰显的“类本质”,全球治理成为推动人类关系“再造”以及人类主体重构的“人类治理”,构建人类公共伦理并推动伦理内化则是全球治理的主要内容以及人类关系重建的组成部分。

人类命运共同体:全球治理的未来善治图景

当今世界全球性问题叠加的冷峻现实,激活了“世界向何处去”的全球善治图景问题。人类命运共同体理念提出的历史必然性意味着,人类命运共同体擘画了全球治理的未来善治图景。虽然人类命运共同体成为全球善治图景有其影响因素,但是更有其客观历史时空条件。主要包括:其一,推动构建人类命运共同体符合人类共同利益;其二,支持人类命运共同体理念的国际政治力量会越来越强大;其三,人类命运共同体理念是实现全球善治的科学指引。人类命运共同体理念必将有力引领全球治理的未来走向,不仅能让现实世界早日走出全球治理的困境,而且能让全球善治图景真正落地而最终成为现实。

Expression and Significance of LRIG1 Gene in Human Astrocytomas

Objective： LRIG1 gene is a newly found human gene that displays homologies to the Drosophila Kek-1 gene. Previous researches have shown that the LRIG1 gene almost expressed in all human tissues. However, its functions, particularly its functions in human tumors, are still unknown. The goals of the present study are to magnify the expression spectrum of the LRIG1 gene and determine their roles in the oncogenesis. Methods： A triphasic oligonucleotide probe was designed and used to detect the expression level of the LRIG1 gene in 16 astrocytomas and the corresponding tissues around the tumors by in situ hybridization. 11 primary astrocytoma cells were cultured. Among these, the expression level of the LRIG1 gene was checked by in situ hybridization and the expression of the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen （PCNA） protein was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results： The expression of LRIG1 protein was detected in different degree in all the tumors and the surrounding tissues. Compared to the surrounding tissues, the expression of the tumors was lower. The decrease extends from the surrounding tissues to the tumors were correlation to the tumors＇ grades. The primary cultured cells also expressed LRIG1 to various extent and the expression of LRIG1 in the cultures was negatively correlated with the intensity of the PCNA staining. Conclusion： The LRIG1 protein may inhibit the growth of tumors of glial cells and the down-regulation of the LRIG1 gene may be involved in the development and progression of the tumor.

Good Local Government for Better Governance and Sustainable Human Development

The purpose of this article is to raise the question of how important decentralisation and local governments are for the successful transition and eventually for sustainable human development of a state. The paper focuses on the gap between development or transition and decentralisation within academic and international policy discourse. In article, the author tries to answer such questions as how local government can contribute to SHD （sustainable human development）. And how should the international community contribute to and support the transition and development process of the developing countries？ Article shows that local self-government can be a school of democracy and responsibility for the wealth of the state and citizens. By sharing the Polish decentralisation experience, the author shows how important decentralisation might be for successful transition, democratization and sustainable development. The paper also includes a short introduction to the European Charter, recent African efforts like AMCOD or UCLGA and European Union development assistance policy. The purpose of this is to show how little attention is paid to local governments and decentralisation within international policy and how huge is the gap between Europe＇s （developed） states and Africa＇s （developing） states related to their decentralisation policy, law and practice.

The in vitro inhibitory effect of human neutrophil peptide-1 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1

In order to clarify, the mechanism of inhibition of human neutrophil peptide-1 （ HNP-1 ） on hu- man immunodeficiency vires type 1 （HIV-1 ）, CD4^ ＋ cells were used as the target cells for acute infection with HIV-1, and experiments were peffomed separately with the interaction of different concentrations of HNP-1 with free vires particles, un-infected and infected CD4^＋ cells. The activity of reverse transcriptase （RT） in the supematant of cell cultures of different lots of experiments were then assayed accordingly, and the toxicity effect on human lymphocytic cells MT4 was measured by MTT assay. The experimental results showed that pre-incubation of HNP-1 with the concentrated stock of vires could block the binding of vires to target cells with EC50 of 2.49 μg/ml, while pre-treatment of CD4^＋ cells with HNP- 1 prior to inoculation could reduce the ability of cells to bind vires with EC50 of 20.7 μg/ml. In addition, When culturing the infected CD4^＋ cells in the continuous presence of various concentrations of HNP-1 added immediately after infection, HNP-1 exhibited modest inhibitory effect on viral replication with reduced RT activities in comparison with those of the control group （ P 〈 0.05 at 100 μg/ml of the highest concentration） . No cytotoxieity effect of HNP-1 was observed as demonstrated by MTT assay. These results indicate that HNP-1 exerts anti-HIV activity by at least two levels： direct inactivation of vires particles and effect on the ability of target cells to bind with viruses. The evaluation of two parameters, inhibitoty effect and the cytotoxicity renders HNP-1 an available candidate for anti-HIV therapeutic agent.

The Economics of China’s Opening Up:Developing an Economic Theory That Explains China’s Achievement

Research on the construction of a theory for China’s open economy should break through the limitations of mainstream Western international economics.Firstly,we need to reveal the laws revolving around"three relationships and six threads"that governed China’s incremental process of trade liberalization.Secondly,we need to summarize China’s experience of the way new technologies,including the Internet,digital technologies and artificial intelligence(AI)have fostered and reshaped the position of small and mediumsized enterprises(SMEs)as micro-actors,providing us with new advantages in international competition.Thirdly,we need to analyze the new win-win mode of the international division of labor over land and sea established under the guidelines of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),as well as a new concept of pluralist balance in the international economy marked by a close connection between trade surplus and foreign investment.Fourthly,under the guidance of Xi Jinping’s important discourses,we should offer a rationale for the Chinese scheme of global economy governance within the community of shared future for mankind.

The BRICS and Beyond： Insights into Human Development/Security from ＂Global Governance＂ ？

The decade of the BRICS is leading to the reanalysis of global relations, encouraged by the simultaneous rise of emerging markets and decline of the eurozone PIIGS. But is the trajectory towards global reorder and/or disorder？ Development like capitalisms and regionalisms is increasingly diverse： heterogeneous transnational networks best approached through a global studies frame？ Together these factors impact the balance between developmental and fragile states in African as elsewhere. And there are debates about what is emerging： companies？ econo- mies？ states？ and/or societies？ Meanwhile, the ＂global＂ increasingly includes informal and illegal economies, especially TOC, including transnational Chinese mafias. Transnational governance continues to widen its scope to include airline and container alliances as well as a trio of commissions on drugs.

China＇s Approach to Dealing with Crisis and Change in Global Governance

The outbreak of the financial crisis in Europe and America in 2008 was a landmark event in the history of global governance. It showed that the international system and governance mechanism was unable to adapt to the new global situation or solve the new challenges and problems caused by the rapid development of globalization. Global governance needs to explore new ideas, new paths and new strategies. However, to advance the transformation and development of global governance, in-depth cooperation by the great powers is not all that is involved; also inevitable are the redistribution of international power, interests and responsibilities, contradictory global concepts and fierce competition among the great powers. The next five to ten years are a key period both for the transformation and development of global governance and for China＇s full-scale rise. The latter is not only a process of China＇s integration into the global governance system but also a process whereby China influences global governance reform. China should seize the opportunity of the global governance crisis and changes to promote benign interaction between China and the world and should become an advocate, designer, shaper and leader in the improvement of the global governance system, focusing on the construction of national governance, the governance of East Asia, global governance and the governance of certain advantageous fields. Its active assumption of the historic mission of the new era of globalization has laid a solid foundation for China to grow into a great major country.

Governing Climate Change Risks： Implications for Mitigation and Adaptation

This article analyzed climate change risks from the perspective of con- temporary environmental risks and how they have been internalized by policy. In order to do so, the main characteristics of this type of risk were analyzed based on the contributions from social theory authors on contemporary environmental risks. Next, the implications of these characteristics for the production of policy responses to climate change risks were discussed. The two main types of policy responses to climate change in the literature were presented： mitigation and adaptation. Finally, their interaction, differences and possibilities for synergy were analyzed. Under- standing climate change as a contemporary environmental risk, the way it was presented in this article, implies a radical change in the development bases of society, since greenhouse gases emissions from human activities contribute to the aggravation of global warming. Climate change challenges the traditional ways of governing in many ways, since climate change policy should involve the ques- tioning of the current processes of development. Profound changes in ways of thinking and established political action are needed.