Since the reform and opening-up program started in 1978,the level of urbanization has increased rapidly in China.Rapid urban expansion and restructuring have had significant impacts on the ecological environment espec...Since the reform and opening-up program started in 1978,the level of urbanization has increased rapidly in China.Rapid urban expansion and restructuring have had significant impacts on the ecological environment especially within built-up areas.In this study,ArcGIS 10,ENVI 4.5,and Visual FoxPro 6.0 were used to analyze the human impacts on vegetation in the built-up areas of 656Chinese cities from 1992 to 2010.Firstly,an existing algorithm was refined to extract the boundaries of the built-up areas based on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System(DMSP_OLS)nighttime light data.This improved algorithm has the advantages of high accuracy and speed.Secondly,a mathematical model(Human impacts(HI))was constructed to measure the impacts of human factors on vegetation during rapid urbanization based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR)Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)NDVI.HI values greater than zero indicate relatively beneficial effects while values less than zero indicate proportionally adverse effects.The results were analyzed from four aspects:the size of cities(metropolises,large cities,medium-sized cities,and small cities),large regions(the eastern,central,western,and northeastern China),administrative divisions of China(provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities)and vegetation zones(humid and semi-humid forest zone,semi-arid steppe zone,and arid desert zone).Finally,we discussed how human factors impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.We found that urban planning policies and developmental stages impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The negative human impacts followed an inverted′U′shape,first rising and then falling with increase of urban scales.China′s national policies,social and economic development affected vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The findings can provide a scientific basis for municipal planning departments,a decision-making reference for government,and scientific guidance for sustainable development in China.展开更多
The tourism is a key branch in the world wide economy nowadays, and revenues account for one third of total income in the world. Many nations are trying to improve their tourism sector attracting more tourists every y...The tourism is a key branch in the world wide economy nowadays, and revenues account for one third of total income in the world. Many nations are trying to improve their tourism sector attracting more tourists every year in order to impact social welfare. This study addresses two research questions： （1） What are the factors that impact on tourism sector？ and （2） Does the tourism really impact on social welfare of the communities？ The objectives of this work are to analyze the variables that impact on the tourism in the Mexican providence of Michoacan and also to find out if the tourism sector is impacting on social welfare of the province, with the propose of answering this questions 41 variables were selected being 63 municipalities of Michoacan province in the case of study. Analysis Factorial of Correspondences （AFC） through the analysis of principal components methodology is employed in this article. The analysis is divided into five phases： （1） reliability testing; （2） the calculation of a matrix that expresses the joint variability of the variables; （3） extraction of the optimal number of factors; （4） the rotation of solutions for the ease of interpretation; and （5） the estimation of the scores graphically. The results showed that the variables that impact on tourism are several the most representative tourism infrastructure and complementary services restaurants, lodging with category five- and four- star travel, visitors foreign share of the Economic Active Population （EAP） in the tertiary sector, percentage of EAP women, percentage of economically active men and Gross Domestic Product （GDP） per capita among others. However the analysis of the Human Development Index （HDI） is not associated with the tourism variables展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41171143,40771064)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(No.NCET-07-0398)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.lzu-jbky-2012-k35)
文摘Since the reform and opening-up program started in 1978,the level of urbanization has increased rapidly in China.Rapid urban expansion and restructuring have had significant impacts on the ecological environment especially within built-up areas.In this study,ArcGIS 10,ENVI 4.5,and Visual FoxPro 6.0 were used to analyze the human impacts on vegetation in the built-up areas of 656Chinese cities from 1992 to 2010.Firstly,an existing algorithm was refined to extract the boundaries of the built-up areas based on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System(DMSP_OLS)nighttime light data.This improved algorithm has the advantages of high accuracy and speed.Secondly,a mathematical model(Human impacts(HI))was constructed to measure the impacts of human factors on vegetation during rapid urbanization based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR)Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)NDVI.HI values greater than zero indicate relatively beneficial effects while values less than zero indicate proportionally adverse effects.The results were analyzed from four aspects:the size of cities(metropolises,large cities,medium-sized cities,and small cities),large regions(the eastern,central,western,and northeastern China),administrative divisions of China(provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities)and vegetation zones(humid and semi-humid forest zone,semi-arid steppe zone,and arid desert zone).Finally,we discussed how human factors impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.We found that urban planning policies and developmental stages impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The negative human impacts followed an inverted′U′shape,first rising and then falling with increase of urban scales.China′s national policies,social and economic development affected vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The findings can provide a scientific basis for municipal planning departments,a decision-making reference for government,and scientific guidance for sustainable development in China.
文摘The tourism is a key branch in the world wide economy nowadays, and revenues account for one third of total income in the world. Many nations are trying to improve their tourism sector attracting more tourists every year in order to impact social welfare. This study addresses two research questions： （1） What are the factors that impact on tourism sector？ and （2） Does the tourism really impact on social welfare of the communities？ The objectives of this work are to analyze the variables that impact on the tourism in the Mexican providence of Michoacan and also to find out if the tourism sector is impacting on social welfare of the province, with the propose of answering this questions 41 variables were selected being 63 municipalities of Michoacan province in the case of study. Analysis Factorial of Correspondences （AFC） through the analysis of principal components methodology is employed in this article. The analysis is divided into five phases： （1） reliability testing; （2） the calculation of a matrix that expresses the joint variability of the variables; （3） extraction of the optimal number of factors; （4） the rotation of solutions for the ease of interpretation; and （5） the estimation of the scores graphically. The results showed that the variables that impact on tourism are several the most representative tourism infrastructure and complementary services restaurants, lodging with category five- and four- star travel, visitors foreign share of the Economic Active Population （EAP） in the tertiary sector, percentage of EAP women, percentage of economically active men and Gross Domestic Product （GDP） per capita among others. However the analysis of the Human Development Index （HDI） is not associated with the tourism variables
