基于人类可持续发展指数(HSDI)的环渤海地区人类-环境系统可持续性评价

环境问题日益成为社会关注的热点问题,环渤海地区经济的飞速发展给该地区人类-环境系统带来了巨大的压力,追求社会、经济、环境的全面协调可持续发展逐渐成为该地区的迫切需要。本文基于"人类可持续发展指数"(Human Sustainable Development Index,HSDI)在环渤海地区地市级尺度上全面评价了该地区2003-2012年人类-环境系统发展的可持续性。研究结果显示,2012年环渤海地区人类-环境系统的可持续性评价为中高水平,总体上呈现出京津地区高,山东半岛和辽东半岛偏低的空间格局。2003-2012年环渤海地区人类-环境系统的可持续性表现为增长趋势,该地区HSDI从2003年的0.64增加到2012年的0.83,增加了0.19,增长率达到了29.69%。HSDI指标中不同维度的可持续性指标变化过程也不一致,经济和社会的可持续性指标呈现增长趋势,而环境可持续性指标呈现下降趋势。不同的区域可持续性动态变化也存在差异,三省可持续增长速度要快于京津地区。由此可得,环渤海地区人类-环境系统的可持续性的空间格局与动态变化都不协调,需要进一步加强生态环境保护以实现环渤海地区经济、社会与环境可持续性的协调全面发展。

基于人类可持续发展指数的中国1990—2010年人类-环境系统可持续性评价

中国经济的快速发展对人类-环境系统造成了巨大压力。如何全面地评估中国人类-环境系统可持续性已成为当前可持续性科学的一个研究热点。论文基于"人类可持续发展指数"在国家、区域和省三个尺度上系统评价了中国人类-环境系统1990—2010年的可持续性。研究结果表明,2010年中国人类-环境系统可持续性为中上水平,总体呈现东高西低的空间格局。1990—2010年中国人类-环境系统可持续性表现为增长趋势,中西部可持续性增长快于东部。经济和社会可持续性指标呈增加趋势,环境可持续性指标为下降趋势。可见,中国人类-环境系统可持续性的空间格局与动态变化均不协调,需进一步促进中西部社会经济发展及加强生态文明建设以实现社会、经济与环境可持续性的全面提高。

人类-环境系统的层次分析——兼谈社会、经济等概念及关系

对人类 -环境系统作了较为深入的层次分析 ,并在此基础上对人类社会活动的性质以及目前社会各界在“社会”与“经济”

基于复杂系统理论的技术系统演化分析

在完善逻辑斯氵帝克 (L ogistic)模型的基础上 ,结合自组织理论和协同学原理分析了技术系统进步和替代的演化过程 ,指出在技术进步的不同阶段内因和外因的作用不同 ,解释了技术替代过程中的振荡现象。提出技术是人类—环境系统协同发展中介的思想和有效调控技术进步的政策建议。

国外社会—生态系统耦合分析框架评介与比较研究

社会-生态系统耦合分析框架的建构及应用是近年来国外可持续科学一个热点研究领域。本文从国外大量相关文献中筛选出三个典型的社会-生态系统耦合分析框架:人类-环境系统框架(HES)、管理-转型框架(MTF)和社会-生态系统框架(SES)。首先,对HES、MTF和SES三个框架的理论假设、研究目标、结构设计等进行了详细的评介。其次,着重从创立背景、对社会-生态系统及其相互作用关系的解构三个方面,对HES、MTF和SES框架进行了系统比较分析。最后,讨论了这些社会-生态系统框架为环境治理研究带来的新变化以及未来可能的发展。期望本文能够为国内资源和环境可持续治理研究提供借鉴和指导。

全球环境变化研究与人文地理学的参与问题

全球环境变化是当今世界关注的热点问题之一。随着全球环境变化研究的深入,人们更加深刻地认识到全球环境变化不单纯是自然环境系统本身的科学问题,而是包括国际政治、经济和社会人文诸多方面综合的、复杂的问题,所以全球环境变化研究引起了相关学科领域越来越深的参与,愈来愈呈现出自然与人文要素综合集成研究的趋向。过去的科学实践已证明地理学是全球环境变化研究的重要力量。地理学参与全球环境变化研究,不完全归因于它在探讨人类-环境相互作用中具有综合研究的学科特性,部分原因是学科自身发展的需要。本文强调我国人文地理学要积极参与全球环境变化的相关研究,初步讨论了人文地理学要关注的相关理论和实践问题、人文地理学参与的途径及能力建设问题。

“适度消费”浅论——基于人口、资源与环境的角度

人口膨胀、资源短缺和环境污染成为人类社会发展的三大难题,在可预见的将来会影响人类社会的发展。“适度消费”正是从人口、资源和环境的协调持续发展的角度提出的,其原因在于“适度消费”有利于资源的永续使用和提高环境承载量,因此应倡导通过适时行动来推动“适度消费”。

新兴的环境地貌学

随着人类改造自然能力的增长,人类与环境地貌之间的相互作用加剧,地球表层的地貌系统在自然地域分异的基础上,出现的新的内容和特征。地貌演化不再是纯自然的过程,而且,人工地貌、人工—自然混合地貌占的比重增加了。因此,有必要对人、环境与地貌的作用机制,地貌的环境意义等问题进行研究,于是,环境地貌学应运而生。与传统地貌学不同的是,环境地貌学从人类活动与环境地貌相互作用的角度,运用系统论、综合分析方法,厚今薄古,研究现存地貌特征及后效,做出环境地貌的经济评价,探讨环境地貌的社会文化效应。本文拟对环境地貌学的产生、学科性质、研究内容和方法进行探讨,希望有助于促进环境地貌学的研究。

Intentional introduction of Artemia sinica(Anostraca) in the high-altitude Tibetan lake Dangxiong Co:the new population and consequences for the environment and for humans

The imbalance between supply and demand of Artemia cysts in China and around the world is increasing now.Salt lakes in Tibet may contribute to the solution of the problem.In Northern Tibet there are 26 saline lakes whose salinity and temperature may support Artemia survival at an altitude of 4 000–5 100 m.We found Artemia in 15 of these lakes.The saline lakes with Artemia populations mainly belong to the shallow basin lakes,and the majority of these lakes are small in area.The total area of lakes without Artemia is more than 1 000 km 2.Lake Dangxiong Co(Co means lake in Tibet) was chosen for the intentional introduction of Artemia sinica.In 2004,850 g of A.sinica cysts,originating from Qinghai,were introduced in the lake.Surveys in 2006–2014 showed that the average abundance of Artemia adults in the lake gradually increased from 20 ind./m 3 in 2006 to 1950 ind./m 3 in 2013.We assume that two subpopulations of A.sinica,separated by depth,may exist in the lake.The new Artemia population caused an increase in the number of species of phytoplankton and heterotrophic protozoa with a decrease of their total abundance.Water transparency also increased.Dominance in phytoplankton passed from cyanobacteria to diatoms.Changes occurred not only in the lake ecosystem;the number of water birds using the lakes also dramatically increased.Preliminary calculations showed that is it possible to harvest at least about 150 t cysts per year from the lake as well as 3.2 thousand tons of frozen or 350 t of dried biomass of adult Artemia.

Life Cycle Assessment of Ultra-clean Micronized Coal Oil Water Slurry

Life cycle assessment is applied to assess the ultra-clean micronized coal oil water slurry (UCMCOWS) with SimaPro and the environmental impact of UCMCOWS on its whole life cycle is also analyzed. The result shows that the consumption of energy and products are increasing along with the deepening of UCMCOWS processing, UCMCOWS making and combustion are the two periods which have a bigger impact on eco-system and human health. As a new substitute of fuel, UCMCOWS merits to be utilized more efficiently and reasonably.

Phytate:impact on environment and human nutrition.A challenge for molecular breeding

Phytic acid (PA) is the primary storage compound of phosphorus in seeds accounting for up to 80% of the total seed phosphorus and contributing as much as 1.5% to the seed dry weight. The negatively charged phosphate in PA strongly binds to metallic cations of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn making them insoluble and thus unavailable as nutritional factors. Phytate mainly accumulates in protein storage vacuoles as globoids, predominantly located in the aleurone layer (wheat, barley and rice) or in the embryo (maize). During germination, phytate is hydrolysed by endogenous phytase(s) and other phosphatases to release phosphate, inositol and micronutrients to support the emerging seedling. PA and its derivatives are also implicated in RNA export, DNA repair, signalling, endocytosis and cell vesicular trafficking. Our recent studies on purification of phytate globoids, their mineral composition and dephytinization by wheat phytase will be discussed. Biochemical data for purified and characterized phytases isolated from more than 23 plant species are presented, the dephosphorylation pathways of phytic acid by different classes of phytases are compared, and the application of phytase in food and feed is discussed.

澳大利亚HES系统框架对我国中学地理人地协调观培养的启发

随着现代社会人地关系问题的不断出现,人地协调观已成为我国地理基础教育领域要培养的学科核心素养之一。澳大利亚国家地理课程注重对地理教学中人地关系与可持续发展问题的探究。文章基于澳大利亚课程标准中提倡的“人类-环境系统框架”(HES),提出了将其应用于我国中学地理学科中人地协调观素养培养的具体教学模式和实施策略。

Empirical Research on Carrying Capacity of Human Settlement System in Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China

Using the theories of population carrying capacity and ecological elasticity in other fields for reference, the connotation of regional human settlement system was defined from the viewpoint of the complex relationship among the factors such as regional population, resources, environment and economic and social development in the context of China′s rapid urbanization. Then the concept and characterization methods of the regional human settlement carrying capacity were proposed by means of population scale. Furthermore, a model of carrying capacity-pressure-state-response(CPSR) on regional human settlement system was established by referencing pressure-state-response(PSR) model, and the Catastrophe Theory was introduced to determine the corresponding standards of multi-criteria programming and evaluation. Taking Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China as an example, an empirical analysis on evaluation of human settlement system from 2000 to 2012 was carried out. The results showed that the carrying capacity of human settlement system in Dalian was fluctuating between 9.6 × 106 to 10 × 106 persons with a quantitative stage of the dynamic regulation. During the research period the load index of human settlement system in Dalian dropped from 0.96 to 0.84 with a lower pressure of human settlement system than the national average level. And the emergency response grades of human settlement system in Dalian were kept in grade Ⅱ(orange warning) or grade Ⅲ(yellow warning). Human settlement system of Dalian was in slight security state as a whole, but the load had a tendency of increase in recent years. The related departments should pay close attention to regional human settlement system and take active measures to improve human settlement by both intensity control and total quantity control. By comparison, analysis and discussion, it was considered that the results were basically accordded with the current situations of human settlement in Dalian, and the evaluation results were more reliable, visualized and easily applied in practice. Therefore, the above-mentioned concepts, characterization and evaluation methods of the regional human settlement system and carrying capacity could provide a new thought and method for quantitative evaluation of human settlement.

Revisiting Sustainable Development of Dry Valleys in Hengduan Mountains Region

Dry valleys are a striking geographic landscape in Hengduan Mountains Region and are characterized by low rainfall, desert type of vegetation and fragile environment. Past efforts and resources have been concentrated mainly on rehabilitation of degraded ecosystem and fragile environment, particularly reforestation, while socio-economic development has been largely overlooked. Despite successes in pocket areas, the overall trend of unsustainability and environmental deterioration are continuing. It is important to understand that uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is the root cause of development of dry valleys, and development and formation of dry valleys is a natural process. Human intervention has played a secondary role in development of dry valleys and degradation of dry valleys though human intervention in many cases has speeded up environmental degradation of the dry valleys. It is important to understand that dry valleys are climatic enclaves and an integrated approach that combines rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and socio-economic development should be adopted if the overall goal of sustainable development of dry valleys is to be achieved. Promotion of niche-based cash crops, rural energy including hydropower, solar energy, biogas and fuelwood plantation is recommended as the priority activities.

The Discourse Analysis of Ecology from the Perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics

In recent decades, ecological problems are becoming more and more serious, which are focused worldwide. ＂Eco-[inguistics＂ （EL） also called ＂Ecology of Language＂ emerges in the situation that scholars try their best to solve the problems in linguistics. As an emerging interdisciplinary area of ecology and linguistics, eco-linguistics aims at analyzing the ecological phenomenon in language, exploring the relation between language and environment, and looking for the variety of internal patterns of language. At present, scholars at home have made a lot of achievements with the tendency from theoretical studies to practical studies. On the theoretical framework of eco-linguistics and the transitivity method of Systemic Functional Linguistics（SFL）, by analyzing two texts excerpted from BBC news reports which involve two kinds of animals, this article tries to explore the relation between human and animals and our attitudes toward different animals, analyze the ecological elements and hidden non-ecological features in the discourses, reveal the essential reasons for ecological disruption---inherent human ideology, interpret the influences on nature. We expect that people pay more attention to the issues of environment protection, change anthropocentrism to ecocentrism which builds the harmonious relation between human and nature.